Crabs, earthworms, mites h fwp/3x .128cxxvnje4:lka zand snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. Whatvzlj48x3 ep:1k2x ahxnc .f /w type of organisms are these?

  Which of the following isc 7mr6v:p; 0chll g2.pwegeg+ not a saprotroph?

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rel+bcgnol+0 :1 lp bqjc1d-fl(dk4d i n;vu x+r5easing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves and the fungi then absorb the products. Which of these termo+llv( ;cxnufndbl1br4: +c - q +d1kd0jpg5 is best describes these fungi?

  The illustration shows a rice cultivation syln3 l7e :vple1stem that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can envl7 : epll13fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.

  Identify the row in the table which give(6j unr;r34p 7mkeb -8c ipmyos the correct information about the different types of organismsr8-br(pc ye;m6ji43n m p uo7k.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avaii:bowg9he/5 p lable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which o bo9:ihgp /w5ef the following statements are true?
I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Which of the following is/are t7:dfr8r s-p gkrue for holozoic nutrition?
I. Demonstrated by saprotrophs
II. Involves complete or partial ingestion
III. Food is digested internally

  Which term refers to organ/9) (lrcaphzeisms that are both autotrophic and heterotrophic?

  What are incisors used foyfriq 777wt( 76vop *kln28boca y;qwr?

The image below represents the skull of a gorilla, chimpanzee, *z :*hjs,qupmand human.

1.1.Outline the roles of different types of teeth.

1.2.Gorillas are primarily herbivorous but have large canines. Suggest a reason why.

1.3.Compare and contrast the teeth of a carnivore with a herbivore.

2.In terms of diet, distinguish between a folivore and a frugivore.

  Chytrids are unicellular organisms that feed on pollen through extrac. vv1badap ozo 05k,2oellular secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption of the breakdown products. Which statement describes the nutritional mode of thisoa5.zpo0o,a db 1vvk 2 organism?

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on th,q:; es n tvo5nwyi4eq 5y+gs6e carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunliqesvwt in4e+y5o y:q 6 sn;5,gght. Which describes the nutrition of these organisms?

  A student wants to set up an aquatic mesocosm using seaw :5je w;m:6wo l)nuohhater to simulate conditions in the food web (shown in the image below) and test its stability. He used seawater and sand from the area to set u mln:5h;h:wj u6) owoep the system and added some small organisms to the mesocosm.


1.In the food web shown, identify an autotroph ,which is   .

2.State a reason why phytoplankton shown in the food web would be a good addition to the mesocosm.

3.Discuss how saprotrophs perform a necessary function for the mesocosm.

4.Describe the disadvantages of using mesocosms in scientific investigations.

1. A student had a small pond in the backyard and wanted to add some fis4k-*8f)q rc wi tb0 eb;qgkme1h. The fish would be predators of the pond and feed 1g0 4 kebwt)ce bk* imqf-;rq8on the zooplankton (prey) growing in the pond. Zooplankton are small floating or weakly swimming organisms that are dependent on the phytoplankton or algae for their supply of nutrition.

She wanted to first determine whether Fish A or Fish B would be more suitable, or if both fish could be added to the pond. As a trial, she set up four mesocosms using water from the pond. She monitored the mesocosms and then added the fish to three of the mesocosms as shown. She took samples of water from the different mesocosms and tested it for chlorophyll content at a research lab nearby.


1.Outline why the mesocosms used would be considered a ‘closed system’.

2.Describe why adding mud or soil to the mesocosms would be advantageous.

3.Outline the reason for including ‘Mesocosm A’ with the experiment.

4.Explain the reason for monitoring chlorophyll content to analyze the effects of the fish as a predator.

5.State another variable that could be monitored to see the effect of adding fish to the mesocosms.

The following table shows the results obtained for chlorophyll (μg dm$^{-3}$) with the different additions of fish.

6.From the results obtained, suggest why the student decided to add both fish A and fish B to the pond.

1.Describe the process by which detritivores q 6skk 4m)ec)oy*jv 17 inc0hh5ex+e kand saprotrophs obtain nutrition.

2.Describe how a quadrat can be used to estimate the population of poppies in a field.

3.Energy and nutrients move through ecosystems differently. Describe how energy and nutrients move through terrestrial ecosystems.

1.Outline the differences between mixotroph7yfc8g-pece+sef)s-t/qtm 8r9 5q inic and holozoic nutrition.

2.Describe how herbivores are adapted to eating plants.

3.Explain the differences between obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes.