Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed ont omupb).*s6dg ykoq0 o .n+p0 the remains of dead plants and animals. What type of organisms are tyqop*osndm0ub k+0 6o p.. )tghese?

  Which of the following is not a mn1hj zut61; y e;tk7asaprotroph?

  Some fungi obtain nutrienx zdufqsp h/n-(h 4e58ts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves and the fungi then absorb the products. Which of these terms best describes these funh-f zxq/h5 4es(nu8dpgi?

  The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need tq10qsd j49wmfd4k 4 afor fe4a4jk4tdf mw0s1 9dqqrtilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.

  Identify the row in the table which gives z+ won;d*w4t+u w*gqp the correct information about the different types of organismz w+o*nq g4dpu*wt +;ws.

  A student set up an aqua5:mk )cahwk q3lq02yw tic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shri :2cq k5akml03wy)qhwmp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?
I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Which of the following is/are true ca7o2pr7ej ) lfor holozoic nutrition?
I. Demonstrated by saprotrophs
II. Involves complete or partial ingestion
III. Food is digested internally

  Which term refers to organismszoeon9ral0+y -y*4 x4kwdy. a that are both autotrophic and heterotrophic?

  What are incisors usm zlrc) q0qj;,;h to(jed for?

The image below represents the skul j4sp mi2kcajl c5:5-ak,8w28 zisoakl of a gorilla, chimpanzee, and human.

1.1.Outline the roles of different types of teeth.

1.2.Gorillas are primarily herbivorous but have large canines. Suggest a reason why.

1.3.Compare and contrast the teeth of a carnivore with a herbivore.

2.In terms of diet, distinguish between a folivore and a frugivore.

  Chytrids are unicellular organisms t58vtzo s)+8t(8c8bi *acrd irz6 qc ekhat feed on pollen through extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption of the breakdown products. Which statement describes the nutritional mode of this organismor8( c8 i qd*c6azc8bkizr+8v)t st e5?

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed5ude 5ij.+o ry on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fro5.u ojy ie5d+rm carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Which describes the nutrition of these organisms?

  A student wants to set up an aquatic mesocosm using seawater to simulate condittaj r 33hd384gns wm1jions in the food web (shown inhj14 t 8g dj3wnamrs33 the image below) and test its stability. He used seawater and sand from the area to set up the system and added some small organisms to the mesocosm.


1.In the food web shown, identify an autotroph ,which is   .

2.State a reason why phytoplankton shown in the food web would be a good addition to the mesocosm.

3.Discuss how saprotrophs perform a necessary function for the mesocosm.

4.Describe the disadvantages of using mesocosms in scientific investigations.

1. A student had a small pond in the p .k8h+svck3wbackyard and wanted to add some fish. The fish would be predators of the ponps k8cvw3.kh+ d and feed on the zooplankton (prey) growing in the pond. Zooplankton are small floating or weakly swimming organisms that are dependent on the phytoplankton or algae for their supply of nutrition.

She wanted to first determine whether Fish A or Fish B would be more suitable, or if both fish could be added to the pond. As a trial, she set up four mesocosms using water from the pond. She monitored the mesocosms and then added the fish to three of the mesocosms as shown. She took samples of water from the different mesocosms and tested it for chlorophyll content at a research lab nearby.


1.Outline why the mesocosms used would be considered a ‘closed system’.

2.Describe why adding mud or soil to the mesocosms would be advantageous.

3.Outline the reason for including ‘Mesocosm A’ with the experiment.

4.Explain the reason for monitoring chlorophyll content to analyze the effects of the fish as a predator.

5.State another variable that could be monitored to see the effect of adding fish to the mesocosms.

The following table shows the results obtained for chlorophyll (μg dm$^{-3}$) with the different additions of fish.

6.From the results obtained, suggest why the student decided to add both fish A and fish B to the pond.

1.Describe the process by which detritivores and saprotrophs obtain nutxbfa c4j*f51 9zi9n pogj;s0 brition.

2.Describe how a quadrat can be used to estimate the population of poppies in a field.

3.Energy and nutrients move through ecosystems differently. Describe how energy and nutrients move through terrestrial ecosystems.

1.Outline the differences between mixotrophic and holozoic nutrition. vjhqb uyz mtidk05zqyp-0es.**o 5 os074 - ah

2.Describe how herbivores are adapted to eating plants.

3.Explain the differences between obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes.