Which row in the table corrrb l9 y,hr9c(nectly describes the shape and function of a named protein?rb ,9h9(rnylc

  Which nucleic acid carries genetic material coding niz7e v+rq)k 5 snt5(8 *j 2.kikpvpsdfor proteins?

  Which of these does not :ap ae-*w ge 8nd:azc2cause mutations?

  The diagram below shows the gen p )95l1zcuo yt6lw0aaetic code table.

  Which of the following 16iw(e eax4,t-q 5eag cah:l6wmpss ; statements is false regarding translation?

  Which of the following contain peptide bone-*ma gdssll bg. 1/9eds?
I. Amino Acids
II. Dipeptides
III. Proteins

  The table gives the 7y z8g)uphw3w3zi o7v genetic code.

Which polypeptide is produced by the mRNA sequence AUG GCU AAA UAG CGA?

  Which of the following contain peptide bondll9zkb u3pi+yi )e8d p jz91o*s?
I. Polypeptides
II. Amino acids
III. Proteins

  The diagram below shows the genn9 e cru36 +xbaz/u2()sivur6y .cdinetic code.


Which of the following features can be deduced from the genetic code?
I. Codons consisting of different bases can code for the same amino acid
II. Codon AUG does not code for an amino acid
III. mRNA strands coding for a protein will always contain codons that do not code for amino acids

  Ribosomes have three sp8a:-tg ;)eb vox-7cs: nmogs; z*hdbinding sites. Which statements are correct for the functions of thev:-h;)o:gtzsc o xma se-8p* sng7;bdse sites?

  What does the phrase ‘the genetic code is 2d5*y lze5ye muniversal’ mean?

  Which of the following reactions result9*z4dkxyfjyq w8aghm g b**1+s in the formation of a dipeptide from two amino ag8g ydm9zh jwa1*qxf *k*yb4+cids?

The diagram below represents the process of translayl, gm- o;nw:jtion.

1.1.Identify structures Q and R on the diagram.

1.2.Outline the roles of the binding sites within structure R.

1.3.State the name of the entire structure which has formed in the diagram.

2.Describe how the named structure a(iii) works.

3.Describe the secondary structure of a protein.

  The diagram shows how RNb rotfh ; zf,i qr;-c(19:zbriA is transcribed from DNA. What structures are indicated by the labels X, Y, and Z? fz;b qoibchr ;9ri r1:zf, t-(

The diagram below shows the genetic xhi,sp - 2qa+,u1 kqzmcode.


1.Identify the amino acid sequence of a peptide produced from the following mRNA codon sequence using the genetic code.
5’– AUG GGG AAG GGU CGA AGC UAA – 3’

2.Codons need to consist of a sequence of three bases to code for one amino acid. State one reason why codons need to consist of three bases.

3.Calculate the number of nucleotides present in the mRNA strand if the polypeptide synthesised has a length of 120 amino acids.

  Which statements about translation are not truj1 ;lj buyk60q -ou8pde?
I. Mature mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome before the small subunit.
II. The A site is the first site that the initiation tRNA binds to.
III. The polypeptide chain is released when release factors bind to the E site.

  Which of the followi g2f;d0qd ab9xng shows the correct sequence of mRNA synthesis?
I. RNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to the DNA strand.
II. Transcription continues until it reaches a terminator sequence.
III. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

  The diagram below shows a protein co cd/io;og(j 1y2.cdh emposed of three polypeptide chains, each chain contains 2/2 ;ce cyjo1dhi( dgo.0 amino acids.

How many water molecules would be released in the synthesis of one of these chains?

  A non-coding (antisense) strand of DNA consist:itzf2*i4r envr-k( r s of the following nucleotides:
GGCACATTAG
Which of the following represents the RNA transcript produced by this DNA strand?

  The diagram shows a molecule that pla)s x 3tk-+ptfra ba69lys an important role in protein synthesis. 9rpaa3- 6stx l k)tb+f

Which is found at X?
I. Uncoiled DNA
II. Amino acid binding site
III. RNA nucleotides

  A single base substitution mutation occurs and a stop cs ;qd:fb jp-x e4i7jo7odon is not produced. Which of the following is not a possible consequence of this type of mutaq 7:poji4xdfb;-7js e tion?

  If the DNA in a somatic cell is changed in an animal as a result o 1:yxruf7lho gibggf72y5 q,7 f a mutation, which7go2gl gybuqh f 1 5iy:7rx7,f of the following could most significantly affect other tissues in the animal?

  Which statement about translation only applies to prok+lowoek d ,pfx6,5cp s s+or9. urh.+karyotes?

  The diagram shows a tRNA molgb(ca-g6.z .hk )hjpyf +ja :lecule. Which of the following would bind to the position lagk.yg.)c phf6hb-l j+j:az a (belled R?

The diagram below shows the replkn zo tod- .m/xy 9w-5;azsf+tication of DNA.


1.Describe the characteristics of the enzyme Taq polymerase.

2.Suggest what the consequences for a cell would be if transcription were to stop.

3.Outline the roles of all enzymes involved in the replication of DNA and in the synthesis of mRNA through transcription.

1.Distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription. t3 tp s-pu((rv

2.Describe the roles of non-coding DNA sequences.

3.Describe the role of DNA-binding proteins in gene expression.

Different species of living organisms have different numbers of/xn r.k ,t6nlyn3u6 nf genes characteristic to them. The table shows the estimated number of ge6lyf3n k ,rn.6n/nutxnes for five species.
Species Estimated number of genes
Escherichia coli (bacteria species) 4,000
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 13,000
Canis lupis familiaris (dog) 20,000
Homo sapiens (humans) 30,000
Oryza sativa (rice) 40,000

1.Using the information in the table deduce the estimated number of loci in a human genome.

2.Explain how a mutation can affect a characteristic.

1.Describe the characteristics t7b7h/ xtxg 0/ui:yd3qn xiw: of the genetic code.

2.Outline, with examples, the importance of complementary base pairing.

3.Explain the roles of RNA and ribosomes in the formation of a polypeptide chain once mRNA has exited the nucleus.

The image below shows a shortg c9o./(emmw x fragment of the DNA molecule.


1.Suggest one possible outcome if DNA consisted of two parallel strands instead of two antiparallel strands.

2.The structure of DNA is described as being a 'double helix'. Explain how this structure is related to the DNA function.

3.Compare and contrast the nitrogenous bases thymine and uracil.

  Why can a eukaryote produce a larger +qnr 2i3lt/jj9*ztzenumber of mRNA transcripts than the number of genes injt+t32/j9zqz rn eil* its genome?