Which row in the table correctly describes the shape and function of a named n w+bv)g*gy; (uqag- l;z+xrp prot*n;al+;x ygg+ g)vqz(u rb p-wein?

  Which nucleic acid carries genexjho )fm9.z 7cuf h)w;tic material coding for proteins?

  Which of these does not cause mj264kfok. za eutations?

  The diagram below shows the genetic coop1bl.: ,y c18bc2u otyu6 wgpde table.

  Which of the followini*2bm2rb:my olmj ;8 yg statements is false regarding translation?

  Which of the followin44t,f;c velf-ed8mz t6vr7sp g contain peptide bonds?
I. Amino Acids
II. Dipeptides
III. Proteins

  The table gives the genetic coos+wy063iay f de.

Which polypeptide is produced by the mRNA sequence AUG GCU AAA UAG CGA?

  Which of the following contain peptide .an a71kz hcl*bonds?
I. Polypeptides
II. Amino acids
III. Proteins

  The diagram below shows the ys fyaw80z* 6qgenetic code.


Which of the following features can be deduced from the genetic code?
I. Codons consisting of different bases can code for the same amino acid
II. Codon AUG does not code for an amino acid
III. mRNA strands coding for a protein will always contain codons that do not code for amino acids

  Ribosomes have three binding sit0azm2hw;b7+ u mq;ol oes. Which statements are correct for the functions of th u7lm2 hmo0 ;zabwoq+;ese sites?

  What does the phrase ‘the genetic code is h8b7qq y 4h 3x/-hgyfyuniversal’ mean?

  Which of the followip8 y91cju82iphe-n s jng reactions results in the formation of a dipeptide from two amin-9i8hpjncysj 2eup 18 o acids?

The diagram below representwdju:vl f(z gte64q+;s the process of translation.

1.1.Identify structures Q and R on the diagram.

1.2.Outline the roles of the binding sites within structure R.

1.3.State the name of the entire structure which has formed in the diagram.

2.Describe how the named structure a(iii) works.

3.Describe the secondary structure of a protein.

  The diagram shows how RNA is transcribed from DNA. Wha++i kb (sux9aogqb:bb 48thu 1t structures are indicated by the labbogqu+a18(ku: t x9h 4i bsb+bels X, Y, and Z?

The diagram below shows the genetic conok74epc 6(lo de.


1.Identify the amino acid sequence of a peptide produced from the following mRNA codon sequence using the genetic code.
5’– AUG GGG AAG GGU CGA AGC UAA – 3’

2.Codons need to consist of a sequence of three bases to code for one amino acid. State one reason why codons need to consist of three bases.

3.Calculate the number of nucleotides present in the mRNA strand if the polypeptide synthesised has a length of 120 amino acids.

  Which statements about translation are not trueara i.w.fo+f3?
I. Mature mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome before the small subunit.
II. The A site is the first site that the initiation tRNA binds to.
III. The polypeptide chain is released when release factors bind to the E site.

  Which of the following shows the cor9+a,dt8f 0 ,zepaxo/z la ufh2rect sequence of mRNA synthesis?
I. RNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to the DNA strand.
II. Transcription continues until it reaches a terminator sequence.
III. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

  The diagram below shows a protein composed of three polypeptide chains, each c9guoccr/l 63 mhain contaim r6l3cgo9/c uns 20 amino acids.

How many water molecules would be released in the synthesis of one of these chains?

  A non-coding (antisense)n +*1gs mjn9uj strand of DNA consists of the following nucleotides:
GGCACATTAG
Which of the following represents the RNA transcript produced by this DNA strand?

  The diagram shows a molecu1rr+ zfvh.-nxle that plays an important role in protein synthesis. v+1x. rhfrz-n

Which is found at X?
I. Uncoiled DNA
II. Amino acid binding site
III. RNA nucleotides

  A single base substitution mutation occurs sgyiom2t/ ;h4and a stop codon is not produced. Which of the following is not a possible conts m;g4y /ih2osequence of this type of mutation?

  If the DNA in a somatic cell is changed in an anima d7fdcu,u 69sv: bf z.t-js+anl as a result of a mutation, which of the following could most significantly affect other tid-u c.f6zf a,s:b+j st9und7vssues in the animal?

  Which statement about translation only applies to pr 6 q:xx3/iholyokaryotes?

  The diagram shows a tj+zaz;zf .ia vn(x 6z:RNA molecule. Which of the following would bind to the position labelled z fzav+ (xa.j;z:nz6 iR?

The diagram below shows thc;71r0hmb+/ tg nww 1wqw4qbpe replication of DNA.


1.Describe the characteristics of the enzyme Taq polymerase.

2.Suggest what the consequences for a cell would be if transcription were to stop.

3.Outline the roles of all enzymes involved in the replication of DNA and in the synthesis of mRNA through transcription.

1.Distinguish between eukaryotic asv)o-a4y4l rx. uxm+tnd prokaryotic transcription.

2.Describe the roles of non-coding DNA sequences.

3.Describe the role of DNA-binding proteins in gene expression.

Different species of living organisms have different numbers ofjuc6-zyg0 to(+bllsvn3t:4h genes characteristic to them. The table shows the estimated number of genes fjh:(-0 lvtb gls+cyuo4tn 63z or five species.
Species Estimated number of genes
Escherichia coli (bacteria species) 4,000
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 13,000
Canis lupis familiaris (dog) 20,000
Homo sapiens (humans) 30,000
Oryza sativa (rice) 40,000

1.Using the information in the table deduce the estimated number of loci in a human genome.

2.Explain how a mutation can affect a characteristic.

1.Describe the characteristics of the genetic c,1fdinb r,fh 4h)5ehk ode.

2.Outline, with examples, the importance of complementary base pairing.

3.Explain the roles of RNA and ribosomes in the formation of a polypeptide chain once mRNA has exited the nucleus.

The image below shows a short iaw,*,:psdsyz4av + l fragment of the DNA molecule.


1.Suggest one possible outcome if DNA consisted of two parallel strands instead of two antiparallel strands.

2.The structure of DNA is described as being a 'double helix'. Explain how this structure is related to the DNA function.

3.Compare and contrast the nitrogenous bases thymine and uracil.

  Why can a eukaryote produce a larger number l 3v9 ,biezn,bd t49mrof mRNA transcripts than the number btzi,49 nb9lde r3,m vof genes in its genome?