Which row in the table correctly describes the shape and functio/ r/h7.xzsikkih (ws;n of a named protekz7(h w/kir sxsh/; .iin?

  Which nucleic acid carrixz3kxb9eu vn*f 839f mes genetic material coding for proteins?

  Which of these does not cause mutationpriwz jlhfjzd6 6kgg68. -9*p )aqd)p s?

  The diagram below shows the gem w k:rb4ogasp+h8-)5m k3xzd/lu)j0 sf- kgs netic code table.

  Which of the following statem;v;sjqw2g* 6m p /lyjgents is false regarding translation?

  Which of the following contain pepte tjs4u(9q5qx8po+ f )wk4z lh,qdy4side bonds?
I. Amino Acids
II. Dipeptides
III. Proteins

  The table gives the genetic code. t j:+jgn*. a,vzr ton:dt-m6d

Which polypeptide is produced by the mRNA sequence AUG GCU AAA UAG CGA?

  Which of the following c7kph(b, 2p6ce6lj x+mi0 fihfontain peptide bonds?
I. Polypeptides
II. Amino acids
III. Proteins

  The diagram below sho knx,z9q7);yq 3iyyi aws the genetic code.


Which of the following features can be deduced from the genetic code?
I. Codons consisting of different bases can code for the same amino acid
II. Codon AUG does not code for an amino acid
III. mRNA strands coding for a protein will always contain codons that do not code for amino acids

  Ribosomes have three binp, a aynb);0g7 3nak87tcrkq rding sites. Which statements are correct for the functions of these sitesat;yn3 r7kc p8q ab,0kgr 7an)?

  What does the phrase ‘the genetic code is universal’)omz5qvq ku(*x p b7*qpy*q: q mean?

  Which of the following reactions results in the formation of a dipeptidc68- fibwn *wsq60slco m)ix ,e from two amino af0 nx6 b* c8cw)omw-6i ,sliqscids?

The diagram below represents the prochrk: sxa+ p ,.i4javtyv0z6e6ess of translation.

1.1.Identify structures Q and R on the diagram.

1.2.Outline the roles of the binding sites within structure R.

1.3.State the name of the entire structure which has formed in the diagram.

2.Describe how the named structure a(iii) works.

3.Describe the secondary structure of a protein.

  The diagram shows how RNA is transcribed from DNA. What structures are indicd)s 0p6xyw2g i9 mdgn-ated by the labe-ypdn2)9gd wim0sg 6xls X, Y, and Z?

The diagram below shows the geeb .8z0dd pnyqm65p-/ +skzln netic code.


1.Identify the amino acid sequence of a peptide produced from the following mRNA codon sequence using the genetic code.
5’– AUG GGG AAG GGU CGA AGC UAA – 3’

2.Codons need to consist of a sequence of three bases to code for one amino acid. State one reason why codons need to consist of three bases.

3.Calculate the number of nucleotides present in the mRNA strand if the polypeptide synthesised has a length of 120 amino acids.

  Which statements about translation are not tr2akdgckk (x5q u6kb 8)ue?
I. Mature mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome before the small subunit.
II. The A site is the first site that the initiation tRNA binds to.
III. The polypeptide chain is released when release factors bind to the E site.

  Which of the following shows the corre(4wd(di yk. qcct sequence of mRNA synthesis?
I. RNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to the DNA strand.
II. Transcription continues until it reaches a terminator sequence.
III. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

  The diagram below shows a protein composed of three polypeptide chains, eap6 5o; g 2otau-br4kxkch chain contains 20 amino aoo6k 5 kxp4-rbguat; 2cids.

How many water molecules would be released in the synthesis of one of these chains?

  A non-coding (antisense) sty /ni(2uaf- kos7u q/vd7sk anzn13k *rand of DNA consists of the following nucleotides:
GGCACATTAG
Which of the following represents the RNA transcript produced by this DNA strand?

  The diagram shows a molecule that plays an important role in pr vm/lws2rwv ,j/ dg s+-/xawmkeb3e-/otein synthesis. ed/wgw /3vv/bwm+-/m,s 2-xljks r ae

Which is found at X?
I. Uncoiled DNA
II. Amino acid binding site
III. RNA nucleotides

  A single base substitution mutation occurs5i +)gt3rvhi +g)ztzta1/wd m and a stop codon is not produced. Which of the m 1t t+3+w ar/d)g)higztzv5i following is not a possible consequence of this type of mutation?

  If the DNA in a somatic cell is changed- h; t y9,ovxrdtn8;gaf3drw8a3uqk 2 in an animal as a result of a mutation, which of the following could most significantly 2oyq3uwk 8nt r;-dr hgx,;3t 9aa8fvd affect other tissues in the animal?

  Which statement about translaticiil)qb)3d0g on only applies to prokaryotes?

  The diagram shows a tRNA molecule. Which of the following would bind to the poz / 8 zeso8vk:k*bleu6sition labellezlzse*/b 8 vkue6:8 okd R?

The diagram below shows the replication of D8 qg7v kw5fch)NA.


1.Describe the characteristics of the enzyme Taq polymerase.

2.Suggest what the consequences for a cell would be if transcription were to stop.

3.Outline the roles of all enzymes involved in the replication of DNA and in the synthesis of mRNA through transcription.

1.Distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic s+eilf/m: *xg transcription.

2.Describe the roles of non-coding DNA sequences.

3.Describe the role of DNA-binding proteins in gene expression.

Different species of living organisms have different numbers o s :l9vlmujg tmn9+v7/f genes characteristic to them. The table shows the estimated num:t9ljvsm 7 l+v /mug9nber of genes for five species.
Species Estimated number of genes
Escherichia coli (bacteria species) 4,000
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 13,000
Canis lupis familiaris (dog) 20,000
Homo sapiens (humans) 30,000
Oryza sativa (rice) 40,000

1.Using the information in the table deduce the estimated number of loci in a human genome.

2.Explain how a mutation can affect a characteristic.

1.Describe the characteristics of the geneticxzh3 hh+,swo 0i n:npu2a8av6 code.

2.Outline, with examples, the importance of complementary base pairing.

3.Explain the roles of RNA and ribosomes in the formation of a polypeptide chain once mRNA has exited the nucleus.

The image below shows a short fragment of the DNA molecunfbjl gv, k e ;und:(*9)i0yytle.


1.Suggest one possible outcome if DNA consisted of two parallel strands instead of two antiparallel strands.

2.The structure of DNA is described as being a 'double helix'. Explain how this structure is related to the DNA function.

3.Compare and contrast the nitrogenous bases thymine and uracil.

  Why can a eukaryote produce a larger number of mRNA trans3x1, f syf9qmm8oqw.hcripts than the number of genes in it8ymxhf13mwfo 9. qqs,s genome?