Which row in the table correctly describes the shaper 3x(bnp+, e+eqdpg k3 and function of a named protein b(kqpn+p3 regx+ ,de3?

  Which nucleic acid carries genetic mas. c8n z izwys rzn/)/yjg+x/3terial coding for proteins?

  Which of these does not ka):/h3lk id(l4xohnz9. jxt cause mutations?

  The diagram below shows the gene,hk;bjvhph /7tic code table.

  Which of the following statements; gx34ky5 dfig is false regarding translation?

  Which of the following contajqy /hb4j c0vcgn 8tl-;-s dt6in peptide bonds?
I. Amino Acids
II. Dipeptides
III. Proteins

  The table gives the genetic cv k hk-m,un t4+s;hy9mrl+myh9k qpba (b3+k0ode.

Which polypeptide is produced by the mRNA sequence AUG GCU AAA UAG CGA?

  Which of the following contain peptide bb qa-q4w 3sb,+dv2u ajl,l fx1onds?
I. Polypeptides
II. Amino acids
III. Proteins

  The diagram below shm.qdl8/q qym r v;03ckows the genetic code.


Which of the following features can be deduced from the genetic code?
I. Codons consisting of different bases can code for the same amino acid
II. Codon AUG does not code for an amino acid
III. mRNA strands coding for a protein will always contain codons that do not code for amino acids

  Ribosomes have three binding sites. Which statements are correct for the fu/)4e;fwwoe a enctions of these;ef) 4 aw/ewoe sites?

  What does the phrase ‘the genmkxyo b55mgyu9d.u63e9 tbg54 jy5dzetic code is universal’ mean?

  Which of the followiny 7 7 x1;vr dwg/xl6)tj rjqg,o0wpa9yg reactions results in the formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids?/gr,yayjxw;x0oq 79v7t wlgdr6 p1 )j

The diagram below represe9x-x1 h rthi.gnts the process of translation.

1.1.Identify structures Q and R on the diagram.

1.2.Outline the roles of the binding sites within structure R.

1.3.State the name of the entire structure which has formed in the diagram.

2.Describe how the named structure a(iii) works.

3.Describe the secondary structure of a protein.

  The diagram shows how RNA is trans9tz a h3)) j:cdv7jpbdnl 5l0wcribed from DNA. What structures are indicated by the p)b) w5zl: d 0j9n vcljat7h3dlabels X, Y, and Z?

The diagram below shows the genetif w+qbl5 l81bu;tb5q 6plgu)zc code.


1.Identify the amino acid sequence of a peptide produced from the following mRNA codon sequence using the genetic code.
5’– AUG GGG AAG GGU CGA AGC UAA – 3’

2.Codons need to consist of a sequence of three bases to code for one amino acid. State one reason why codons need to consist of three bases.

3.Calculate the number of nucleotides present in the mRNA strand if the polypeptide synthesised has a length of 120 amino acids.

  Which statements about translation k vr014vzdd rdra15) zare not true?
I. Mature mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome before the small subunit.
II. The A site is the first site that the initiation tRNA binds to.
III. The polypeptide chain is released when release factors bind to the E site.

  Which of the following shows the correct sequ,z 2k:t,o/ tj,:faeqwwcu3dv ence of mRNA synthesis?
I. RNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to the DNA strand.
II. Transcription continues until it reaches a terminator sequence.
III. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

  The diagram below shows a prot8*(1(kn j xvffypbyc6jz+ kl5ein composed of three polypeptide chains, each chain contains 20 amino acids.j6 knkzl*( 1p 5jvc (8+xyfbfy

How many water molecules would be released in the synthesis of one of these chains?

  A non-coding (antiseq;3a qt8 wwi/xny ypy 40ug2b2nse) strand of DNA consists of the following nucleotides:
GGCACATTAG
Which of the following represents the RNA transcript produced by this DNA strand?

  The diagram shows a molecule that plays an important role in protechi.kn.ovc3slcah q h1;,e9:in synthesis. acnci1e oh .hlq shc.9k3, ;:v

Which is found at X?
I. Uncoiled DNA
II. Amino acid binding site
III. RNA nucleotides

  A single base substitution mutation occurs and a stop codon lc 1+fk2b7ecn is not produced. Which of the following is not a 71+ 2ccbnlkf epossible consequence of this type of mutation?

  If the DNA in a somatic cell i6 -sb,w l28c2vs n.kt /mdnppqs changed in an animal as a result of a mutation, which of the following could most signifipkmp 6vnwt,2b/ l .sqd 2cns-8cantly affect other tissues in the animal?

  Which statement about translation only a/ r,dww+4 kz)0vj hpvapplies to prokaryotes?

  The diagram shows a tRNA molecule. Which of the f6*mltob6m 1j iollowing would bind to the position labelled R?1 m*i mbojt6l6

The diagram below showzcid* bga,6ch iqt8.2i9rux * s the replication of DNA.


1.Describe the characteristics of the enzyme Taq polymerase.

2.Suggest what the consequences for a cell would be if transcription were to stop.

3.Outline the roles of all enzymes involved in the replication of DNA and in the synthesis of mRNA through transcription.

1.Distinguish between eukaryotic and prokahrx+5yrj fz f*203 gkuryotic transcription.

2.Describe the roles of non-coding DNA sequences.

3.Describe the role of DNA-binding proteins in gene expression.

Different species of living organisms have different nf28 9kvbc0 cdw8;v r8jihf6 zbumbers of genes characteristic to them. The table shows the estimated number 2c98bwz8kdifb ;6f8v 0jr c hvof genes for five species.
Species Estimated number of genes
Escherichia coli (bacteria species) 4,000
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 13,000
Canis lupis familiaris (dog) 20,000
Homo sapiens (humans) 30,000
Oryza sativa (rice) 40,000

1.Using the information in the table deduce the estimated number of loci in a human genome.

2.Explain how a mutation can affect a characteristic.

1.Describe the characte3j i,yyg8hk.sristics of the genetic code.

2.Outline, with examples, the importance of complementary base pairing.

3.Explain the roles of RNA and ribosomes in the formation of a polypeptide chain once mRNA has exited the nucleus.

The image below shows a short 8,dl hr )okjc* 3d1vsqfragment of the DNA molecule.


1.Suggest one possible outcome if DNA consisted of two parallel strands instead of two antiparallel strands.

2.The structure of DNA is described as being a 'double helix'. Explain how this structure is related to the DNA function.

3.Compare and contrast the nitrogenous bases thymine and uracil.

  Why can a eukaryote produce a larger w3eu zyvm6 aj/m :c+i2number of mRNA transcripts than the number of ge2 je v3/auywcm6+ :imznes in its genome?