Which row in the table correctly desc-(0c(fq4 w9e fwm*xlp* nwocaribes the shape and function of a named protein?qpa(*0cf n-w xc ml*49e owwf(

  Which nucleic acid carritk q8sy8y+7ob pmz.7z es genetic material coding for proteins?

  Which of these does not cause n*qgbab.h2x3 p et(obg-v8 n-70q s egmutations?

  The diagram below shows the genetic co8mwmv18nkr6dngw i9 3yy ;z)xde table.

  Which of the following statements is falseo(o5g wk; mq1b regarding translation?

  Which of the following contain -5cld-dvhe98 k- powr u,c ix;peptide bonds?
I. Amino Acids
II. Dipeptides
III. Proteins

  The table gives the genetic cll)qm *93 kqg hm(o3paode.

Which polypeptide is produced by the mRNA sequence AUG GCU AAA UAG CGA?

  Which of the following contain peptide bong 5-,4h wlomwnds?
I. Polypeptides
II. Amino acids
III. Proteins

  The diagram below shows the gen 1 j2mngbnpf2g6c7 -yfetic code.


Which of the following features can be deduced from the genetic code?
I. Codons consisting of different bases can code for the same amino acid
II. Codon AUG does not code for an amino acid
III. mRNA strands coding for a protein will always contain codons that do not code for amino acids

  Ribosomes have three binding sitk bqh9:osf ,r1es. Which statements are correct for the functionsosb, hrf9q1 k: of these sites?

  What does the phrase ‘the genetic code is universrh *+)tibdgx7al’ mean?

  Which of the following reactions results in the formation of a dip 11 ecnfwd0vq2eptide from two ad10v1 qf2newc mino acids?

The diagram below representsioc: u, 7. hbp3pmp*dh the process of translation.

1.1.Identify structures Q and R on the diagram.

1.2.Outline the roles of the binding sites within structure R.

1.3.State the name of the entire structure which has formed in the diagram.

2.Describe how the named structure a(iii) works.

3.Describe the secondary structure of a protein.

  The diagram shows how RNA iif /e)ae-tje uv :gn;5q;z-dvs transcribed from DNA. What structures are indicated by the labeqn-tgdfz5)e v:iuev; -; a/jels X, Y, and Z?

The diagram below shows the genetic**s6s 6cvnngi qm+zr7 code.


1.Identify the amino acid sequence of a peptide produced from the following mRNA codon sequence using the genetic code.
5’– AUG GGG AAG GGU CGA AGC UAA – 3’

2.Codons need to consist of a sequence of three bases to code for one amino acid. State one reason why codons need to consist of three bases.

3.Calculate the number of nucleotides present in the mRNA strand if the polypeptide synthesised has a length of 120 amino acids.

  Which statements about transla*oq6 o+pu mu7ation are not true?
I. Mature mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome before the small subunit.
II. The A site is the first site that the initiation tRNA binds to.
III. The polypeptide chain is released when release factors bind to the E site.

  Which of the following+3;njn vp hp/h/8)f5; hvh eps pj mt*jcifx*1 shows the correct sequence of mRNA synthesis?
I. RNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to the DNA strand.
II. Transcription continues until it reaches a terminator sequence.
III. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

  The diagram below shows a protein composed of three polypeptide chaf7akcu55 a .q ;:/x0fcq grkqsins, each chain contains 20 amino ac :5afxq0qgq kcfu;aksr7. c5/ids.

How many water molecules would be released in the synthesis of one of these chains?

  A non-coding (antisense) strand of DNA jp ;h5jwa8xg7consists of the following nucleotides:
GGCACATTAG
Which of the following represents the RNA transcript produced by this DNA strand?

  The diagram shows a molecule that plays .+eu+a2 gvqyvab0-wm 3hi) c oan important role in protein synthesis. hq3viga vwa+02ym+cb.-oe )u

Which is found at X?
I. Uncoiled DNA
II. Amino acid binding site
III. RNA nucleotides

  A single base substitution mutat2dwq-r*k :1b+qv mv;y,(wdc kt*nqv gion occurs and a stop codon is not produced. Which of the following is not a possible consequence v;tqq c+*dy q2,wkmng*rd -b1 :k(wvvof this type of mutation?

  If the DNA in a somatic cell is changed in an animal as a rkaw*4z6a4 gi+iofs3 result of a mutation, which of the following could most significantly affect other tissues in the animalr4akzfgi6is*w a+ o 43?

  Which statement about translation onezz 3 cc8bb91fnu-m3 iua6lg jcax+( 6ly applies to prokaryotes?

  The diagram shows a tRNA molecule. Which of the following would bind to the pouar2 :bby-k0-bue; musi 02ba; k beu-:uybmr-ution labelled R?

The diagram below shows the replication of DNA.oxz td 13vv0jgb vc3*hp/ /7yh1ue+jk


1.Describe the characteristics of the enzyme Taq polymerase.

2.Suggest what the consequences for a cell would be if transcription were to stop.

3.Outline the roles of all enzymes involved in the replication of DNA and in the synthesis of mRNA through transcription.

1.Distinguish betwee z-9j-tx.htet bsd4h9n eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription.

2.Describe the roles of non-coding DNA sequences.

3.Describe the role of DNA-binding proteins in gene expression.

Different species of liv,hs7lfw 1 x.zuing organisms have different numbers of genes characteristic to them. The table shows the estimated number of genes for five species. f,s7.l1 whxzu
Species Estimated number of genes
Escherichia coli (bacteria species) 4,000
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 13,000
Canis lupis familiaris (dog) 20,000
Homo sapiens (humans) 30,000
Oryza sativa (rice) 40,000

1.Using the information in the table deduce the estimated number of loci in a human genome.

2.Explain how a mutation can affect a characteristic.

1.Describe the characteristics of the genet. nfdnh5z 9m fr m0p6v-i. s/qctx9z2uic code.

2.Outline, with examples, the importance of complementary base pairing.

3.Explain the roles of RNA and ribosomes in the formation of a polypeptide chain once mRNA has exited the nucleus.

The image below shows a shor czn:9f g2qxt 8kkqk60t fragment of the DNA molecule.


1.Suggest one possible outcome if DNA consisted of two parallel strands instead of two antiparallel strands.

2.The structure of DNA is described as being a 'double helix'. Explain how this structure is related to the DNA function.

3.Compare and contrast the nitrogenous bases thymine and uracil.

  Why can a eukaryote produce a larger numb 3y);f hwwpl-vt: vfd:er of mRNA transcripts than the number t-y:3pw :dwvlvfhf );of genes in its genome?