Which row in the table correctly desr b1fffn *e0.; ugg;, mgjfyi7cribes the shape and function of a named prot*rijmf,fb;e ; ngf y07 g1g.ufein?

  Which nucleic acid carries genetic mate9h:uolr)+ jngni5r9qbc ) 0 jyrial coding for proteins?

  Which of these does not cause mutatwv99mkhefr *s mai: )*ions?

  The diagram below sho0 ts(4 q-yy1ipiqstn:ws the genetic code table.

  Which of the following statements is false regarding translationhs8 *hmjci 1c3?

  Which of the following contain peptide bonds?hbuhs.gj51e /r7:9-+bx az daslvs 3e
I. Amino Acids
II. Dipeptides
III. Proteins

  The table gives the gen iy)g,ph l5f;49vh)ypxn+wf 1ucxh(petic code.

Which polypeptide is produced by the mRNA sequence AUG GCU AAA UAG CGA?

  Which of the following conmu 1f n);x gs)h50noritain peptide bonds?
I. Polypeptides
II. Amino acids
III. Proteins

  The diagram below shows the gwxrwdmd y,0h 0 rken3g5sl)73 5t/jtgenetic code.


Which of the following features can be deduced from the genetic code?
I. Codons consisting of different bases can code for the same amino acid
II. Codon AUG does not code for an amino acid
III. mRNA strands coding for a protein will always contain codons that do not code for amino acids

  Ribosomes have three binding sites. Which statemen jgdfs10i512 4k7crh:+yw tvsdte-hr ts are correct for the functions of thesescr:-y+1h21vtrt50i7fe hgd ksw4 j d sites?

  What does the phrase ‘the genetic code is universayr6owt, d0o+-oi z)en80xum p l’ mean?

  Which of the following reactions results in xv rbhv.bnc,m(;8bir x: +l5pthe formation of a dipeptide from two amino l5.bhx vp +(cir,xbb8m n :v;racids?

The diagram below represxj z- xqc 35/8ubggmz,ents the process of translation.

1.1.Identify structures Q and R on the diagram.

1.2.Outline the roles of the binding sites within structure R.

1.3.State the name of the entire structure which has formed in the diagram.

2.Describe how the named structure a(iii) works.

3.Describe the secondary structure of a protein.

  The diagram shows how RNA is transcribed from DNA. What structures ay 2ag2fy4fr6lp1a j)dre indicated by thegrf ly 2a6fyp2a)jd1 4 labels X, Y, and Z?

The diagram below shows the geneti)jr,ro uvu+k1ncu dycot1m +)ugv yq1 p719;zc code.


1.Identify the amino acid sequence of a peptide produced from the following mRNA codon sequence using the genetic code.
5’– AUG GGG AAG GGU CGA AGC UAA – 3’

2.Codons need to consist of a sequence of three bases to code for one amino acid. State one reason why codons need to consist of three bases.

3.Calculate the number of nucleotides present in the mRNA strand if the polypeptide synthesised has a length of 120 amino acids.

  Which statements aboutn k 8v,zcs58g-acvakc )am 0(a translation are not true?
I. Mature mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome before the small subunit.
II. The A site is the first site that the initiation tRNA binds to.
III. The polypeptide chain is released when release factors bind to the E site.

  Which of the following shoh14b;xr rn3zows the correct sequence of mRNA synthesis?
I. RNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to the DNA strand.
II. Transcription continues until it reaches a terminator sequence.
III. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

  The diagram below shows a protein composed of three polypeptide chains, each inv2)9gb 5m mgchain contains 20 mvg ib9)mn2g 5amino acids.

How many water molecules would be released in the synthesis of one of these chains?

  A non-coding (antisense) strand ofxxzi4g*2fgd0/udm 9e te1xa9 6 2k utq DNA consists of the following nucleotides:
GGCACATTAG
Which of the following represents the RNA transcript produced by this DNA strand?

  The diagram shows a molecule that plays an imp+ ocx7dw.: ewfortant role in protein synthesis. d+e7:.fxc oww

Which is found at X?
I. Uncoiled DNA
II. Amino acid binding site
III. RNA nucleotides

  A single base substitution mutation occurs and a stop codougcx.1q2.v*pnf kzm)n y f -ml-t*z j6n is not produced. Which of the following is not a possible consequence of this type of mutat*fky)jqp.g6 lx fvn--c n 1 m.zzt2*muion?

  If the DNA in a somatic cell is changed in an animal as a result of a mutx7gn)6e(n 9 pou dtou.ation, which of the following could mostnp.og eu nxd)7to(u69 significantly affect other tissues in the animal?

  Which statement about translation on i8. nuuh. t/,g4e7( 5alat0 m7vb8ddncq ltvuly applies to prokaryotes?

  The diagram shows a tRNA molefqj lvm8k1w37 cule. Which of the following would bind to the positi73f8 wjmk l1vqon labelled R?

The diagram below shows the/on2 th2ez j9fvr(-bl replication of DNA.


1.Describe the characteristics of the enzyme Taq polymerase.

2.Suggest what the consequences for a cell would be if transcription were to stop.

3.Outline the roles of all enzymes involved in the replication of DNA and in the synthesis of mRNA through transcription.

1.Distinguish between eukac3pzbs e 8-*lrryotic and prokaryotic transcription.

2.Describe the roles of non-coding DNA sequences.

3.Describe the role of DNA-binding proteins in gene expression.

Different species of li st-tmy buk8sji-: 3s.ving organisms have different numbers of genes characteristic to them. The tablesu8mjktys 3i-b-.: st shows the estimated number of genes for five species.
Species Estimated number of genes
Escherichia coli (bacteria species) 4,000
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 13,000
Canis lupis familiaris (dog) 20,000
Homo sapiens (humans) 30,000
Oryza sativa (rice) 40,000

1.Using the information in the table deduce the estimated number of loci in a human genome.

2.Explain how a mutation can affect a characteristic.

1.Describe the characteristics of the genetic code.4 )kkc:pcm6p j

2.Outline, with examples, the importance of complementary base pairing.

3.Explain the roles of RNA and ribosomes in the formation of a polypeptide chain once mRNA has exited the nucleus.

The image below shows a shoapxa d5pugg;zy+np)qi io; :. 1 xn8tpd,0c6xrt fragment of the DNA molecule.


1.Suggest one possible outcome if DNA consisted of two parallel strands instead of two antiparallel strands.

2.The structure of DNA is described as being a 'double helix'. Explain how this structure is related to the DNA function.

3.Compare and contrast the nitrogenous bases thymine and uracil.

  Why can a eukaryote -moaxhr o -(g:produce a larger number of mRNA transcripts than the number of genes:(ogohmr-ax- in its genome?