Which row in the table correctly describes the sv2nimiy48ti65a ) vtohape and function of a named proteiiv )y8v4tmn o2 ita6i5n?

  Which nucleic acid carries genetic material coding for prk.v6doog3kp5rsf*4d ax1f2)l k g4cj oteins?

  Which of these does not cause mutath/p qi.qlw 4ewz.4z)b5sv;fxions?

  The diagram below shows the genetic code t5 s;kg. i q3mkkr+-oy7l x vtjy5*tiwjzu3w1 -able.

  Which of the following statements is fd,r- 7ydl/45i jla hndalse regarding translation?

  Which of the following contain peptide bonds? n2v;n l cwm,,kn qe4(o
I. Amino Acids
II. Dipeptides
III. Proteins

  The table gives the gene9d afn z.2p/tptic code.

Which polypeptide is produced by the mRNA sequence AUG GCU AAA UAG CGA?

  Which of the following contain pept; bt*j p:ky)eufd.e :qide bonds?
I. Polypeptides
II. Amino acids
III. Proteins

  The diagram below shows the genetic code. q wh+kg 200.7 yaw4p 2ymxduyi


Which of the following features can be deduced from the genetic code?
I. Codons consisting of different bases can code for the same amino acid
II. Codon AUG does not code for an amino acid
III. mRNA strands coding for a protein will always contain codons that do not code for amino acids

  Ribosomes have three binding sites. Which statements are correct for the functio:v/fs qr-jt5ds e4 ceo7lqe, jn54ghb w(f c/3ns of thesef /feogsqjdqv, tn(h-b4el5c5:/ej r 734w cs sites?

  What does the phrase ‘the genetic code is universal’m3* 49zngpa r9jh,til mean?

  Which of the following reactions results in the yu 8- dg**-o ow5aynfwformation of a dipeptide from two amin*- of 5-wwn d8u*oyyago acids?

The diagram below represents the prockw3a6vx:ch n;ess of translation.

1.1.Identify structures Q and R on the diagram.

1.2.Outline the roles of the binding sites within structure R.

1.3.State the name of the entire structure which has formed in the diagram.

2.Describe how the named structure a(iii) works.

3.Describe the secondary structure of a protein.

  The diagram shows how3omm n;z.4ya x RNA is transcribed from DNA. What structures are indicated b;xo mz 4ny.3may the labels X, Y, and Z?

The diagram below shows the genetic codz .6*v0yxjn exe.


1.Identify the amino acid sequence of a peptide produced from the following mRNA codon sequence using the genetic code.
5’– AUG GGG AAG GGU CGA AGC UAA – 3’

2.Codons need to consist of a sequence of three bases to code for one amino acid. State one reason why codons need to consist of three bases.

3.Calculate the number of nucleotides present in the mRNA strand if the polypeptide synthesised has a length of 120 amino acids.

  Which statements about translacrn k4v:r k( /ce6pb.ation are not true?
I. Mature mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome before the small subunit.
II. The A site is the first site that the initiation tRNA binds to.
III. The polypeptide chain is released when release factors bind to the E site.

  Which of the following shows the cort5fa; gn --flztf3hkkix8k ,1fh05 skrect sequence of mRNA synthesis?
I. RNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to the DNA strand.
II. Transcription continues until it reaches a terminator sequence.
III. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

  The diagram below shx8 aaml-9ctfa7 b ,)qat4n* ssows a protein composed of three polypeptide chains, each chain containc*q,lns9ba tafa)xa m-t78s4s 20 amino acids.

How many water molecules would be released in the synthesis of one of these chains?

  A non-coding (antisense) strand of DNA consists of the followin 8,ma7jlzi z,k 8m/4j l,rtmjaq6xxy5g nucleotides:
GGCACATTAG
Which of the following represents the RNA transcript produced by this DNA strand?

  The diagram shows a molecule that plays an important role7 peor6 7kekj ib *,7un7jksd, in protein synthesis. kb7ski o *, djr,7nj76ku p7ee

Which is found at X?
I. Uncoiled DNA
II. Amino acid binding site
III. RNA nucleotides

  A single base substitution mutation occurs and a stop codon is notbxes64f9- 9 u2oxr pu+ xxxdil )89fwn produced. Which of the )l fpx2xb-6xuoxud9 +sxne 4 9 fr89wifollowing is not a possible consequence of this type of mutation?

  If the DNA in a somatic cell is changed in an animal as a result of a mutatl6 +,x n4tdesp khp9c4,i5e biion, which of the following could most significantly affect ,+ 4nx6ic tsphli4,k9eedpb 5other tissues in the animal?

  Which statement about translation only applies to prokaryr)g v+0b2+rc lqjqok /otes?

  The diagram shows a tRNA molecule. Which of the following would bind t exz:;jrhxtje 2uhd4pm7*+v ;o the posixh4jmx*e j7u2;r pv;:tze h +dtion labelled R?

The diagram below shows the replication of tv qd3-q9 q8sxp6kv(xDNA.


1.Describe the characteristics of the enzyme Taq polymerase.

2.Suggest what the consequences for a cell would be if transcription were to stop.

3.Outline the roles of all enzymes involved in the replication of DNA and in the synthesis of mRNA through transcription.

1.Distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription;xpbx:u l7s -g.

2.Describe the roles of non-coding DNA sequences.

3.Describe the role of DNA-binding proteins in gene expression.

Different species of living organisms have diffewglls3o5) nbxz , 8dy(rent numbers of genes characteristic to them. The tabwg zy85dx ,l(3bsno)lle shows the estimated number of genes for five species.
Species Estimated number of genes
Escherichia coli (bacteria species) 4,000
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 13,000
Canis lupis familiaris (dog) 20,000
Homo sapiens (humans) 30,000
Oryza sativa (rice) 40,000

1.Using the information in the table deduce the estimated number of loci in a human genome.

2.Explain how a mutation can affect a characteristic.

1.Describe the characteristics of the genetic code.h6v 41jjka) rlf) 8pd :eibatd..j(ic

2.Outline, with examples, the importance of complementary base pairing.

3.Explain the roles of RNA and ribosomes in the formation of a polypeptide chain once mRNA has exited the nucleus.

The image below shows ,spu q9l03v exc)y q83 )gmdiaa short fragment of the DNA molecule.


1.Suggest one possible outcome if DNA consisted of two parallel strands instead of two antiparallel strands.

2.The structure of DNA is described as being a 'double helix'. Explain how this structure is related to the DNA function.

3.Compare and contrast the nitrogenous bases thymine and uracil.

  Why can a eukaryote produce a c,xz apg cl8 *p-ijv8;larger number of mRNA transcripts than the number of genes in icj8 g,;8l cp-xpva*i zts genome?