Which statement best describes the osmolarity of a solution ukr6u- vcm9(dw*y4xd9 ,gdgd ised to bathe organs for use in organ transplant p,k-d r96ddgyi w (dvu* x9mgc4rocedures?

  Which is the most likely solute potential z1r4vwud u ) be(wumf /f,)y6w(ψ$_s$) of 50 cm$^3$ distilled water if 10g of salt is added to it?

  An organ donor's heart is removed to be transplanted and is stored i4zav;occyr ) 6dmufpi;1 w )ejp) 0vk-n an isotonic solution prior to transplant. Which of the followiny a-0vzrf)wuj4dveomc)i;kc 6)p;p1 g may result if the heart is not stored in an isotonic solution?

  Two patients were given solutions intravenously as part of a medical tre3. s qgy/u+vxpatment. One patient had a generally negative health outcome while the other had a positive heas v +xuyp3g/.qlth outcome. Blood samples were taken from both patients and then viewed through a light microscope.


Which correctly identifies the health outcomes for the two patients and the likely reasons for these outcomes?

  What effect on oxygen tra(t b k+j(.edx ha,s2d nk.1hbpnsport in a human being is likely if the individual is gk (b,.h .(e1pbs ddxn+a hj2tkiven a hypotonic solution intravenously?

  The diagram shows the setup for an osmt nhi* a arc8sxd )uf(cke689 0gd2u:zosis experiment. The potato tissue was placed in a solution of unknown concentration for 3 days. A zk 2ifa)ax89 u:et(68r nschu*dcg0dfter 3 days, the potato had lost mass. Which type of solution was the potato placed in, and what was the effect on the pressure potential?

  The image below shows red blood cells placed in three different solut1u jcx,6piunc9pec 4;ions as seen under the light microscope. Which type of solution were the cells shown i9j n p,e6xcuui;p4c1cn micrograph A most likely placed in?

Membrane transport is important for allowing particles to move acrossvqrpz5u (gh(4xt wscsqn1387 the cell membrane and respond (sz qh(rugwnq34t 71s85 vpcxto changes in the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid.

1.Outline the effects of placing a liver cell in a hypotonic solution.

2.Outline how the fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells or to be released from cells.

3.Compare and contrast four types of membrane transport. Include an example of each.

  Which is not a correct definition or eqnjy w +*ei9qkmo ,v w41z(7) rcjnv9dquation for water potential?

  Which of the following surface area to volume ra-pbzb u;y *:1xixxj7x tios would result in the highest r:7xux1 z; x-y* bpjbxiate of diffusion for a cell?

  The diagram shows a piece of potato tissue that has been placed in disti 3du)e j yfv,aog.amzf/ m5)n3b1eu-ulled water. Which is the correct reason for the .) nae du,uaf3oub3/-zm 5g fjm1)vy emovement of water from the distilled water into the potato cells?

  The graph below shows the change in mass of a potato slice (%) at different 6gm4 gjda/r(e concentrations of sucrose solutionmarg6g(4j/e d (mol dm$^{-3}$ ).

  Given the following experimental set-up, in which direction will there be a m)6l0/izapq jh5g i;byai: hpy*9 u:wnet movement of watem q)ji0l6:p 5zbiau*/h9y aph;y g:wir?

The micrograph shows oniwhby3h)x2en :ja .3fs on epidermal cells.

1.1.Draw a diagram of one onion cell after it has been placed in a highly hypertonic solution, labelling the position of the cell membrane, cell wall and vacuole.

1.2.State a definition for the term ‘hypertonic solution’.

1.3.Explain the reasons for the changes to the onion cell in your answer to part (i), with reference to water potential.

1.4.The water potential of the onion cell in the micrograph is -700kPa, and the pressure potential is 900 kPa. Calculate the solute potential of the cell using the equation below.

ψw = ψs + ψp

2.Explain why the calculated value for water potential is always relative to pure water at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 20 °C.

3.Predict, with a reason, how the solute potential of the cytoplasm of an onion cell would be affected if it was placed in a hypotonic solution.

  A student placed 13 potato cylinx*1z:-kshz r (pt7ifa ders in a hypotonic solution and 13 potato cylinders in a hypertonic solution. The student then calculated the mean percent change in length, an * az:f1zrixt- ps(h7kd standard error. Below are the results. Which of the answer choices can be concluded?

Below is a diagram showing the , 810fe aks;qe 2/ws;p rq hccrgbh.j.response of red blood cells when placed in different solutek r /jg p.c;qf8e.bws; cr,1he ah2qs0 concentrations.


1.State what is meant by the term isotonic solution.

2.Identify which concentrations were hypotonic and which were hypertonic to the red blood cells.

3.If red blood cells were placed in a hypotonic solution, explain the likely changes in ion concentration in the cytoplasm of the cells.

4.Describe the process of how a solid granule of NaCl becomes a solute when placed in water.

5.Compare and contrast how animal and plant cells are affected by being placed in hypotonic solutions and hypertonic solutions.

1.Outline the stages o y/so)qk1 :qejfq/-cj f solvation.

2.Describe what you would see down a microscope if an onion cell is first put into pure water and then into a strong salt solution.

3.Explain the movement of water across the cell surface membrane when an animal cell is placed in different solute concentrations.