Which statement best describes the osmolarity of a solution used tx o/+f 1kat/blo bathe organs for use in organ transpla/t 1kbxl/ao+ fnt procedures?

  Which is the most likely solute potentit8 py3-x,kklcqkduz 3 0 a:x/hal (ψ$_s$) of 50 cm$^3$ distilled water if 10g of salt is added to it?

  An organ donor's heart is boj *);gtzho-removed to be transplanted and is stored in an isotonic solution prior to transplant. Which of to)j;ogbz- t*hhe following may result if the heart is not stored in an isotonic solution?

  Two patients were given solutionsk(feio97 pjvp tj ,,i6 intravenously as part of a medical treatment. One patient had a generally negative health outcome while the other had a positive health outjie jvkfp,6p9ti7,( ocome. Blood samples were taken from both patients and then viewed through a light microscope.


Which correctly identifies the health outcomes for the two patients and the likely reasons for these outcomes?

  What effect on oxygen transport in a human being is likely if the individual+d*)wqzgbqmz pz,/ d:k7 m)35 xstgst is gzm*z7 wg5t,)s/b gqst zxd)q 3k :mp+diven a hypotonic solution intravenously?

  The diagram shows the setup for an osmosis experiment. The potato tissue was k3g4y,0k6 rwg vsyedo 9 ll-f1placed in a solution3ls wy4lrky9-oeg,61dk 0vfg of unknown concentration for 3 days. After 3 days, the potato had lost mass. Which type of solution was the potato placed in, and what was the effect on the pressure potential?

  The image below shows red g3oi :qzhb-(ox9zo3bblood cells placed in three different solutions as seen under the light microscope. Which type of soluti h3-bxo(zo :g93bzoqion were the cells shown in micrograph A most likely placed in?

Membrane transport is important for all ,)/yp/y yngac3lj, rzowing particles to move across the cell membrane and respond to changes in the chemical cnyc jr/,p/3z)ygya, lomposition of the extracellular fluid.

1.Outline the effects of placing a liver cell in a hypotonic solution.

2.Outline how the fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells or to be released from cells.

3.Compare and contrast four types of membrane transport. Include an example of each.

  Which is not a correct definitiop)rxipg+,zczhf;q rtu-9b7 4 n or equation for water potential?

  Which of the following surface area to volum8jdnb7wpti.cix 1 g gr7 ,d -rlnqn593e ratios would result in the highest rate of diffusion for a cellgwxd9n3cd r7, inj .qn78ir-lb1 pg5t?

  The diagram shows a piece of potato tissue that has been placepem6 bxhdh x-1yb i965d in distilled water. Which is the correct re 6ph9hmxd -b5 6xi1ybeason for the movement of water from the distilled water into the potato cells?

  The graph below shows tnz1.c ddrxz+ii /yrcj6e7t 58 he change in mass of a potato slice (%) at different conc8x1dj5 /ynzrz cd6 iit+.ec7rentrations of sucrose solution (mol dm$^{-3}$ ).

  Given the following experimental set-up, in which direction will there be a /*z i o6xx(o:u trh8jbnet r /ub8x(oz:*th xj6io movement of water?

The micrograph shows onion 1oc*.8fvatr u78 rm kxepidermal cells.

1.1.Draw a diagram of one onion cell after it has been placed in a highly hypertonic solution, labelling the position of the cell membrane, cell wall and vacuole.

1.2.State a definition for the term ‘hypertonic solution’.

1.3.Explain the reasons for the changes to the onion cell in your answer to part (i), with reference to water potential.

1.4.The water potential of the onion cell in the micrograph is -700kPa, and the pressure potential is 900 kPa. Calculate the solute potential of the cell using the equation below.

ψw = ψs + ψp

2.Explain why the calculated value for water potential is always relative to pure water at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 20 °C.

3.Predict, with a reason, how the solute potential of the cytoplasm of an onion cell would be affected if it was placed in a hypotonic solution.

  A student placed 13 potato cylinders in a hypotonic solution and 13 pot*m1e-wm: k *icj rge,wyjd7p, ato cylinders in a hyper 1kj*7wyi *,:cegem,- dmrwj ptonic solution. The student then calculated the mean percent change in length, and standard error. Below are the results. Which of the answer choices can be concluded?

Below is a diagram showing the response of red blood cells w4tz2;p uff9; cg9plyr) 6 mpbbhen placed in different solute concentrczml)p; r6b 9;ppb2tg 4yuf f9ations.


1.State what is meant by the term isotonic solution.

2.Identify which concentrations were hypotonic and which were hypertonic to the red blood cells.

3.If red blood cells were placed in a hypotonic solution, explain the likely changes in ion concentration in the cytoplasm of the cells.

4.Describe the process of how a solid granule of NaCl becomes a solute when placed in water.

5.Compare and contrast how animal and plant cells are affected by being placed in hypotonic solutions and hypertonic solutions.

1.Outline the stages7s +a vltc0w1jyu uc0. of solvation.

2.Describe what you would see down a microscope if an onion cell is first put into pure water and then into a strong salt solution.

3.Explain the movement of water across the cell surface membrane when an animal cell is placed in different solute concentrations.