Which statement best describes the osmolarity of a solution used i*v*4r2 p: gy+bjb(jt kuab:sto bathe organs for use in organ tran2vb:(:b+*ayj ki sj gpbtr4*usplant procedures?

  Which is the most liktyw;i a -.7r,zlenuu9unv71jely solute potential (ψ$_s$) of 50 cm$^3$ distilled water if 10g of salt is added to it?

  An organ donor's heart is removed9fitj vih..gdkn( zg0iz3-q . to be transplanted and is stored in an isotonic solution pizqijk i vn.fd-(gz.0g3t h .9rior to transplant. Which of the following may result if the heart is not stored in an isotonic solution?

  Two patients were given solutions intraveno t*v;+qtu:r dvusly as part of a medical treatment. One patient ha q;rtu:+ dvv*td a generally negative health outcome while the other had a positive health outcome. Blood samples were taken from both patients and then viewed through a light microscope.


Which correctly identifies the health outcomes for the two patients and the likely reasons for these outcomes?

  What effect on oxygen transport in a human n8o m+.iqwk1vn2zfi2 rvx.h)l1 0 her being is likely if the individual is given a hypotn+2eii2) xh 1zor08vnm r hwf.k q1l.vonic solution intravenously?

  The diagram shows the sefza+i dr (g:0lu,urp/ n8f5 titup for an osmosis experiment. The potato tissue was placed in a solution of unknown concentration for 3 days. After 3 days, the potato had lost mass. Which type of solution was the pota(:zu i/8gdp t5iu0 ,larrnf f+to placed in, and what was the effect on the pressure potential?

  The image below shows red blood cells placed in three different solutip2m9w2v h5nplons as seen under the light microscope. Which type of solution were the hmw nvl9pp 252cells shown in micrograph A most likely placed in?

Membrane transport is important for allowing particles to move acrojk;um0 z/ptpp +dp ;a8r -occb (8:qquss the cell membrane and respond to changes in the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid08qjuppdz/:+ p8;t qa -kou(bcmp cr;.

1.Outline the effects of placing a liver cell in a hypotonic solution.

2.Outline how the fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells or to be released from cells.

3.Compare and contrast four types of membrane transport. Include an example of each.

  Which is not a correct definition or equation for water poten.mm ;j6luitew 7bf/n)*j(kb -cp dx,ftial?

  Which of the following surfr40rd,xh2*+8t j jt4 fa;u,w7a hgzmfg dlm-o ace area to volume ratios would result in the highest rate of diffusion f4f2g47mf j-d a8hhr xj t, z*rt u0wgdo;lm+a,or a cell?

  The diagram shows a piece of potato tissue that has been placed in zclcnlhq5h .;/(w nr4distilled water. Which is the correct reason for the mz 4q l;(n/wrl.5cnhhc ovement of water from the distilled water into the potato cells?

  The graph below shows the change in mass of a potato slice (%)s)9yfohxee02 reo. otq 19-a c at different concentrao91-0qt oo9ys)caee e2.rhxf tions of sucrose solution (mol dm$^{-3}$ ).

  Given the following bf8)t; bfaxp:5f ;wsbexperimental set-up, in which direction will there be a net movement of w;;8b) ft5p: fsbwxfabater?

The micrograph shows onion epidermal cellsvcgr0 b 4fnhgc5i 2s17.

1.1.Draw a diagram of one onion cell after it has been placed in a highly hypertonic solution, labelling the position of the cell membrane, cell wall and vacuole.

1.2.State a definition for the term ‘hypertonic solution’.

1.3.Explain the reasons for the changes to the onion cell in your answer to part (i), with reference to water potential.

1.4.The water potential of the onion cell in the micrograph is -700kPa, and the pressure potential is 900 kPa. Calculate the solute potential of the cell using the equation below.

ψw = ψs + ψp

2.Explain why the calculated value for water potential is always relative to pure water at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 20 °C.

3.Predict, with a reason, how the solute potential of the cytoplasm of an onion cell would be affected if it was placed in a hypotonic solution.

  A student placed 13 potato cylindersbsf)*/l4qyvb4fytc3 in a hypotonic solution and 13 potato cylinders in a hypertonic solution. The student then calculate)fby4s y/ tlv c3qbf4*d the mean percent change in length, and standard error. Below are the results. Which of the answer choices can be concluded?

Below is a diagram showing the response of red blood cells w-uh7(2a w 5zgt6 focfthen placed in different s2-ou z ag76t(ht5fwcfolute concentrations.


1.State what is meant by the term isotonic solution.

2.Identify which concentrations were hypotonic and which were hypertonic to the red blood cells.

3.If red blood cells were placed in a hypotonic solution, explain the likely changes in ion concentration in the cytoplasm of the cells.

4.Describe the process of how a solid granule of NaCl becomes a solute when placed in water.

5.Compare and contrast how animal and plant cells are affected by being placed in hypotonic solutions and hypertonic solutions.

1.Outline the stages of solvation. (;h/wf,gc c lk

2.Describe what you would see down a microscope if an onion cell is first put into pure water and then into a strong salt solution.

3.Explain the movement of water across the cell surface membrane when an animal cell is placed in different solute concentrations.