Which statement best describes the osmolarity of a solution use. x2rlcvh i 9z+4esck/d to bathe organs for use in organ h 2irsc4/zv+x9.lekc transplant procedures?

  Which is the most likely solute potential hzu ,jr kq2lkn: :;+gmu.miv1 9o+ekj(ψ$_s$) of 50 cm$^3$ distilled water if 10g of salt is added to it?

  An organ donor's heart is remove7(thlk zfvux uq)ne8 (iui9*,d to be transplanted and is stored in an isotonic solution prior to transplant. Which of the following ne(* ),khqi7uxvu(ltf8 ui z9may result if the heart is not stored in an isotonic solution?

  Two patients were given solutcw nvl: *tsh:r 0*1rvcions intravenously as part of a medical treatment. One patient had a generally negative health outcome while the o rn*tr1vlc:c s 0h*:wvther had a positive health outcome. Blood samples were taken from both patients and then viewed through a light microscope.


Which correctly identifies the health outcomes for the two patients and the likely reasons for these outcomes?

  What effect on oxygen transport in a human being is likely if the individuay(.a6i*/haz8kfxl3iix 9 rmd)w dq8lb9h7h hl is given a hypotonic solution.bqik*m) w dyllh8axr h 8ax h3 6d(hfi99/7iz intravenously?

  The diagram shows the setup for an osmosis experiment. The potatg8oym/zz ug+ 9o tissue was placed in a solution of unknown concentration for 3 days. After +/oum 9gy8zzg 3 days, the potato had lost mass. Which type of solution was the potato placed in, and what was the effect on the pressure potential?

  The image below shows red blood cells placed in three difk 1)bdg4yfbt h/n1 pj,ferent solutions as seent1byp,gf)kb1 j4/dh n under the light microscope. Which type of solution were the cells shown in micrograph A most likely placed in?

Membrane transport is important for allowing particles to move across tfp h+(rh3y st(he cell membrane and respond to changes in the chemical composition tfps+(3hyrh( of the extracellular fluid.

1.Outline the effects of placing a liver cell in a hypotonic solution.

2.Outline how the fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells or to be released from cells.

3.Compare and contrast four types of membrane transport. Include an example of each.

  Which is not a correct definition or equation for water potent isan04ii8:f aial?

  Which of the following surface area to volume ratios would result in th tj-io 58q;bbnr07n 4lexg f-io7.rbee highest rate of rn87xi4fb-e brl0;to-.gon5 bej7qidiffusion for a cell?

  The diagram shows a piece of potato tissue t:td.hz*q bymb fv dc t;hx02nc-eq+6mi0 ru 4:hat has been placed in distilled water. Which is the correct reason for the move4yqcrb6;m ddq-2mvc tx0f ih +e0:zt:*hu nb.ment of water from the distilled water into the potato cells?

  The graph below shows the change in mass of a potato slice (%) at;s f tvtrbbx,x+p5jb81c y9jr l0 p9h8 different concenr58y h tx pjb1b;9c pjx,t0b98 +rvflstrations of sucrose solution (mol dm$^{-3}$ ).

  Given the following experimental set-up, in whi)pk*lwzwgfgb6m m-j,4 i09 gll0 nz2s ch direction will there be a net movement of watersi m 9zbglg,z4pf0 -06ww*2) lnljkmg?

The micrograph shows onion epider;egi 1 wo8xdxsw,t6 w8mal cells.

1.1.Draw a diagram of one onion cell after it has been placed in a highly hypertonic solution, labelling the position of the cell membrane, cell wall and vacuole.

1.2.State a definition for the term ‘hypertonic solution’.

1.3.Explain the reasons for the changes to the onion cell in your answer to part (i), with reference to water potential.

1.4.The water potential of the onion cell in the micrograph is -700kPa, and the pressure potential is 900 kPa. Calculate the solute potential of the cell using the equation below.

ψw = ψs + ψp

2.Explain why the calculated value for water potential is always relative to pure water at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 20 °C.

3.Predict, with a reason, how the solute potential of the cytoplasm of an onion cell would be affected if it was placed in a hypotonic solution.

  A student placed 13 potato cylinders in a hcies ll)rttlq.+t wvqs:;w;j , bx cz63p-)x8ypotonic solution and 13 potato cylinders in a hypertonic solution. The student then calculated the mean percent change in length, and standard error. Below are the results. Which of the ans tpq l-+:c 8t;v )qszb3s,wc;ljexw6 )x lri.twer choices can be concluded?

Below is a diagram sg *owu9n: tyo2howing the response of red blood cells when placed in different solu2*wgy9 to :onute concentrations.


1.State what is meant by the term isotonic solution.

2.Identify which concentrations were hypotonic and which were hypertonic to the red blood cells.

3.If red blood cells were placed in a hypotonic solution, explain the likely changes in ion concentration in the cytoplasm of the cells.

4.Describe the process of how a solid granule of NaCl becomes a solute when placed in water.

5.Compare and contrast how animal and plant cells are affected by being placed in hypotonic solutions and hypertonic solutions.

1.Outline the stages of3 qr/jzqs.f ; .urqaf* solvation.

2.Describe what you would see down a microscope if an onion cell is first put into pure water and then into a strong salt solution.

3.Explain the movement of water across the cell surface membrane when an animal cell is placed in different solute concentrations.