Which of these substances should not 1 8df*sn 92th11pfmnd+a8 cx q8bgqs gpass through the glomerulus and into Bowman’ dfscqn8 pm+9h1q882gs1xnftga *db1s capsule?

  Which substance is not reabsorbed by the distal convo51nn-i9:qeew0zmoj * mpm:h mluted tubule?

  Which fluid acts as a co(6 l* c16hh5rpx3fk w0deuh l3 k:gxexolant in the human body?

  Which label corresponds to the medulla of the kidnvumo2n: w66jist84 ld ey?

  Identify the line in the table below 2i89x cfk;v tswhich gives the correct responses of the skin to a drop in environcvi;98t2f skx mental temperature.

  Which row is correct 1w :epgd c3wd5e8kea09 *ornpfor insulin?

  Which row is correct fow:gt p7n9*5kzbg 7 eijx u)u1yr glucagon?

  Which row shows a correct difference in the bloo7i3nae;(:eal5r t) hm 8d jtezd concentration of various substances between t5d ele ar3 zj:h)78mtenat(i; he renal artery and renal vein?

  Which statements are trl1t 2ak mlva 4(fh5u,yue of feedback mechanisms in an organism?
I. Negative feedback acts to reverse a change
II. An example of positive feedback is control of blood pH
III. Only the nervous system is involved in the control of feedback mechanisms

  Which of the following best explains why wrr,g :u heb* ks x.3k5yocox (11/xkqinsulin injections are necessary for indiyc 3r:q w(kk/g51 exu.1 *skoxxrhob, viduals with type 1 diabetes?

  This diagram shows the basic structure eei): j m-wng aac,og+ kb-g1,of a nephron.


How does the nephron differ between animals that have evolved in areas with low availability of water, for example, in the desert?

  Which of the following ibz3yr/u cj z3;s only able to trigger a response in a cell by binding to a receptor in the plasma mem 3 /yjb;cuzr3zbrane?

  Identify the row in 6y3uy 7ww. /j0dm6ouc xlbk y*the table below which shows the correct information about insulbju /ou67y.6 wx cd ywykm*03lin.

Outline how insulin and glucagon control blood sugar.rrtd*ye , -/ ek*vipv,

  At which position in the nephron 3p7z j2r ur2wwwould you expect the solute concentration of the filtrate to be between 200% and 300% that of the normal blood solute concentration and fow73rr2w 2p zjur water, but not sodium, to be drawn out of the filtrate into the medulla?

  Which row correctly describes the effec+zeqpl. 5)wet t of a decrease in the water concentration of the l.ee)5w+zqt pblood?

  Which statement(s) is/are true for antidiuretirh+nu) 9zrfo +c hormone (ADH)?

I. ADH affects the permeability of the loop of Henle
II. ADH production increases with low water intake
III. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct

  The graph shows the changes )-t , xxk,hb uvh)v;9vl17dd.un bcea in blood pH levels of an individual before exercise, durdc,v dex.h b9n)1v-7 ;blhva, tx)uk uing exercise and after exercise.


Which statement may explain the changes in blood pH shown in the graph?

1.Outline how the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule are adapte9wrbz9sb -eiw3 1kyp 86g)vph8t/f in d for their function. bnw68i8pkz r/9fe3 1-ys) gvtib w9hp

2.Explain the differences between the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein.

3.Describe the processes in the nephron that leads to the production of urine.

  Creatine is a naturally occurring chemical produced in the body whichu;elz91i;oe v5y( xc j supplies energy to muscles. It’s also a supplement used widely in the fitness industry to reduce recovery times andyv ;cejz5uxo(l9;1e i improve athletic performance.
Creatine is broken down into creatinine which is toxic in high concentrations. A study was conducted on the effect of creatine supplementation on the creatinine concentration in the urine. Urine samples were collected from humans, and the creatinine concentration was measured.

The results from the study were used to make up corresponding creatine solutions to mimic the urine samples. These creatine solutions were then given to students to analyse. The specific gravity of each sample was measured using a hydrometer, a small graduated float used to compare the density of a liquid between two samples.

1.1.Describe the source of urea in urine.

1.2.Other than protein, state the name of one substance that can be detected in urinary tests.

1.3.High creatinine concentrations in the blood can lead to kidney failure. List two possible treatments for kidney failure.

2.Suggest a variable that would need to be controlled during the student’s experiment.

3.Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using model urine samples instead of human urine.

4.Calculate, as a percentage, how much greater the urine sample specific gravity with 10g of supplemental creatine intake was compared to that with 5g of supplemental intake.The percentage is   %

5.Describe TWO reasons why mice were used in this experiment and not humans.

The diagram below is a simple outline of the ne4 3e hh7r0x*o *(usgyqijw hu8phron.


1.Name the structures labelled I, II, III and IV in the diagram.

2.State the functions of structures I and II from part (a).

3.Insects do not have kidneys or nephrons; they have the Malpighian tubule system instead. Compare and contrast the Malpighian tubule system with the nephron.

1.Outline William Harvey’s research on sexual reprodt+s7t(v1aydi.;0j)p rq eqta uction.

2.Compare and contrast type I and type II diabetes.

3.Explain the roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

  Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne inj3k22ttn4h syfection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it infects about 10 million people t2 jhkt243ynseach year. The research was carried out in Peru to see if diabetes increases TB infection. 112 TB patients were investigated, 17 of which had diabetes and 33 had pre-diabetes can affect the incidence of TB. During the research, smear microscopy tests were carried out to investigate the bacterial load of each patient, and the results of these are shown below. The smear results are rated negative (no bacteria detected), scanty/1+ (very low bacterial load), 2+ (medium bacterial load), and 3+ (high bacterial load).



1.Calculate the difference in percentage between the incidence of 3+ smears in patients who only have TB and in patients that are diabetic.
The percentage is   %
2.Describe the pattern shown in this graph.

3.Deduce from these results whether there is a link between diabetes and TB infections, and discuss the evidence supporting your conclusion.

Smoking can also cause an increase in TB. Research into the combined effect of smoking and diabetes was carried out in Taiwan. Groups of patients were split into diabetic smokers, diabetic non-smokers, non-diabetic smokers and non-diabetic non-smokers in 3 regions of Taiwan. The results of 972 TB patients are shown below, 581 with diabetes and 628 without diabetes. 649 of them were non-smokers and 323 were smokers. Clinical records were used to record the gender, age and result of the pre-treatment smear (negative, scanty, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+). The results are shown below.


4.Compare and contrast the results from the first research with the data for the non-smoking groups in the graph provided above.

5.Suggest the importance of knowing the mean precent (%) of the population that has diabetes and mean % of the population that are smokers in Taiwan, when investigating if diabetes and smoking increase the risk of TB infection.

6.Evaluate the evidence provided by the data in the two graphs and table to support the hypothesis that diabetics who smoke have an increased risk of TB infection.

7.From 2000 to 2008, there has been an overall increase in the cases of type II diabetes in Taiwan.

7.1.Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes.

7.2.State one factor that may cause this increase in the incidence of type II diabetes.

  The graph shows the mean blood glucose g5fz(:lsj ck ) v8x,jolevels in a study of 300 people, 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal. Of the 300 people studied, 100 people were non-diabetic, 100 people had untreated Type 1 diabetes and 100 people had untreatj (, xl85)gzfcvosk:j ed Type 2 diabetes.

1.Compare and contrast the blood glucose levels of people without diabetes and those with diabetes.

2.Suggest one variable, other than those already mentioned in the question, that needs to be controlled to make this study valid.

3.Predict how the mean blood glucose concentration after 3 hours would change if the Type 1 diabetics were injected with insulin 15 minutes after eating.

4.1.Explain the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels.

4.2.State the name of the cells that make and secrete insulin.

5.Calculate the percentage change between the blood glucose concentration of people with Type 2 diabetes 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal.the percentage is   %.

6.Explain why Type 2 diabetics have a lower blood glucose concentration 3 hours after eating a meal, compared to Type 1 diabetics.