Which of these substances should not onci -x h;)+gk2 pk.ikpass through the glomerulus and into Bowman’s 2kin;.+ i-cxgohk pk)capsule?

  Which substance is not reabsorbed by the distal convolutek ggl:7o x7f;z,r- vvkd tubule?

  Which fluid acts as a coolant in the human bom4 o-is*7 uxtndy?

  Which label corresponds to the medulla of the 0 uboi )+tbya9kidney?

  Identify the line in the table below which gives thaas +r0 yzeq9)e correct responses of the skin to a droe 9qs0zya )r+ap in environmental temperature.

  Which row is correct for insulini:lsdqmm+j w: 8p1h p)?

  Which row is correct for glbi5 empod 6 byjo.b+v nn(+9z;ucagon?

  Which row shows a co:o jj:80 iymkwrrect difference in the blood concentration of various substances between the renal artery and renki:j:0y jow 8mal vein?

  Which statements are true of fee )s b9i58h-aa4vqazw jdback mechanisms in an organism?
I. Negative feedback acts to reverse a change
II. An example of positive feedback is control of blood pH
III. Only the nervous system is involved in the control of feedback mechanisms

  Which of the following best explains why insulinf qiu*/pz* no( injections are necessary for individuz*pfn(u*o /q ials with type 1 diabetes?

  This diagram shows the basic structuwpe1q ;h4tcc1j7 :mf wre of a nephron.


How does the nephron differ between animals that have evolved in areas with low availability of water, for example, in the desert?

  Which of the following is only able to trigger a respon 1ool8m8rqs5 5 us8jsyse in a cell by binding to a myr81j5qos ou s8sl85 receptor in the plasma membrane?

  Identify the row in the table below which shows t .ql tkn:hx*;g* n/yoshe correct information about insulin:n;sn /gtl*o .h*kxyq.

Outline how insulin and glucagon cok*m6a2lg;0gwyp 0b l- phqi5bntrol blood sugar.

  At which position in the nephron would you expect the solute concentr)4t nl;fhql -cahzw */ation of the filtrate to be between 200% and 300% that of the normal blood solute concentration and for water, but not sodiucqz an*fhlhtw/l4-;)m, to be drawn out of the filtrate into the medulla?

  Which row correctly describescgcz5v xci yy*4td2/) the effect of a decrease in the water concentration of thyc54cvgc/it y)zd *2xe blood?

  Which statement(s) is/are true for ant3e dejvj3ds .pf )71r4nfbyw5idiuretic hormone (ADH)?

I. ADH affects the permeability of the loop of Henle
II. ADH production increases with low water intake
III. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct

  The graph shows the changes in blood pH leve j a:/.wgjs5nbls of an individual before exercise, during exercise and afte5/ nw:s.gj bajr exercise.


Which statement may explain the changes in blood pH shown in the graph?

1.Outline how the glomerulus and B1s 0+b3qe2 u nv9n65ahcmq mc5hld:tdowman’s capsule are adapted for their function0bqm vun cam3c 5n15dls et9: 6dh+q2h.

2.Explain the differences between the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein.

3.Describe the processes in the nephron that leads to the production of urine.

  Creatine is a naturally occurring chemical produced in the body whii+ -a-k+s gw0- u 2l,rvfoe.bzuond(och supplies energy to musclesz i v2+-+ol-gfsdb ,0-(eou rnu.kwoa. It’s also a supplement used widely in the fitness industry to reduce recovery times and improve athletic performance.
Creatine is broken down into creatinine which is toxic in high concentrations. A study was conducted on the effect of creatine supplementation on the creatinine concentration in the urine. Urine samples were collected from humans, and the creatinine concentration was measured.

The results from the study were used to make up corresponding creatine solutions to mimic the urine samples. These creatine solutions were then given to students to analyse. The specific gravity of each sample was measured using a hydrometer, a small graduated float used to compare the density of a liquid between two samples.

1.1.Describe the source of urea in urine.

1.2.Other than protein, state the name of one substance that can be detected in urinary tests.

1.3.High creatinine concentrations in the blood can lead to kidney failure. List two possible treatments for kidney failure.

2.Suggest a variable that would need to be controlled during the student’s experiment.

3.Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using model urine samples instead of human urine.

4.Calculate, as a percentage, how much greater the urine sample specific gravity with 10g of supplemental creatine intake was compared to that with 5g of supplemental intake.The percentage is   %

5.Describe TWO reasons why mice were used in this experiment and not humans.

The diagram below is a simx37medhs4 o6t w/ovtrah:e9e- e.p+v ple outline of the nephron.


1.Name the structures labelled I, II, III and IV in the diagram.

2.State the functions of structures I and II from part (a).

3.Insects do not have kidneys or nephrons; they have the Malpighian tubule system instead. Compare and contrast the Malpighian tubule system with the nephron.

1.Outline William Harvey’s research on sexual reproduction. -vr3oho ,ko,tan;4cbs7c vpo+x m1t 7

2.Compare and contrast type I and type II diabetes.

3.Explain the roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

  Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infection caused by the bacterii lf/uoe)(v nr*5j:ew um Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it infects about 10 million people each year. The research was carried out in Peru to see if diabetes increases TB infection. 112 TB patients were)nrj/e*l (iu f:owev5 investigated, 17 of which had diabetes and 33 had pre-diabetes can affect the incidence of TB. During the research, smear microscopy tests were carried out to investigate the bacterial load of each patient, and the results of these are shown below. The smear results are rated negative (no bacteria detected), scanty/1+ (very low bacterial load), 2+ (medium bacterial load), and 3+ (high bacterial load).



1.Calculate the difference in percentage between the incidence of 3+ smears in patients who only have TB and in patients that are diabetic.
The percentage is   %
2.Describe the pattern shown in this graph.

3.Deduce from these results whether there is a link between diabetes and TB infections, and discuss the evidence supporting your conclusion.

Smoking can also cause an increase in TB. Research into the combined effect of smoking and diabetes was carried out in Taiwan. Groups of patients were split into diabetic smokers, diabetic non-smokers, non-diabetic smokers and non-diabetic non-smokers in 3 regions of Taiwan. The results of 972 TB patients are shown below, 581 with diabetes and 628 without diabetes. 649 of them were non-smokers and 323 were smokers. Clinical records were used to record the gender, age and result of the pre-treatment smear (negative, scanty, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+). The results are shown below.


4.Compare and contrast the results from the first research with the data for the non-smoking groups in the graph provided above.

5.Suggest the importance of knowing the mean precent (%) of the population that has diabetes and mean % of the population that are smokers in Taiwan, when investigating if diabetes and smoking increase the risk of TB infection.

6.Evaluate the evidence provided by the data in the two graphs and table to support the hypothesis that diabetics who smoke have an increased risk of TB infection.

7.From 2000 to 2008, there has been an overall increase in the cases of type II diabetes in Taiwan.

7.1.Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes.

7.2.State one factor that may cause this increase in the incidence of type II diabetes.

  The graph shows the mean blood gl)xjse -frqf5vs 1ptm(o z60o. ucose levels in a study of 300 people, 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal. Of the 300 people studied, 100 people were non-diabetic, 100 people had untreated Type 1 diabetes and 100 people had untreated Type o z)jr6v e-sff(01.omq p ts5x2 diabetes.

1.Compare and contrast the blood glucose levels of people without diabetes and those with diabetes.

2.Suggest one variable, other than those already mentioned in the question, that needs to be controlled to make this study valid.

3.Predict how the mean blood glucose concentration after 3 hours would change if the Type 1 diabetics were injected with insulin 15 minutes after eating.

4.1.Explain the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels.

4.2.State the name of the cells that make and secrete insulin.

5.Calculate the percentage change between the blood glucose concentration of people with Type 2 diabetes 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal.the percentage is   %.

6.Explain why Type 2 diabetics have a lower blood glucose concentration 3 hours after eating a meal, compared to Type 1 diabetics.