Which of these substa17uchb b36 n lwzt.4l1a/zzmgnces should not pass through the glomerulus and into Bowman’s capsulen4bz1 hu3m6 lg.czaz/ 7b1 tlw?

  Which substance is n+/qi e(6s d9bchn*zp jot reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule?

  Which fluid acts as a cooht+u2 rbqj5da.w78 -i2ghe lelant in the human body?

  Which label corresponds to the medulla of theytu ((0fjoj9h kidney?

  Identify the line in the table below which gives8++o7quj erj8m bvd3b the correct responses of the skin to a drop in environment rem8jj 8uo v+3+7dbbqal temperature.

  Which row is correct for56s 2l 1asg frzrfrwc ;3le/6q insulin?

  Which row is correct f94( r;imi vuhdor glucagon?

  Which row shows a correct differey)2 uh uz06vmtypyorgfs9. 6h eat616nce in the blood concentration of various substances between the renah1tr euf6a6 6ov0gyyu69)tmy.sz ph 2 l artery and renal vein?

  Which statements are true of feedbhm2,n0hu27mp te uiu 3ack mechanisms in an organism?
I. Negative feedback acts to reverse a change
II. An example of positive feedback is control of blood pH
III. Only the nervous system is involved in the control of feedback mechanisms

  Which of the following best explains who8, /fa d*4q*hbcfc +g h/xvbhy insulin injections are necessary for individuavd/gfa4qbhcx/ c8h*,* hb +ofls with type 1 diabetes?

  This diagram shows the basic structuwe0avb(poyjc ;o3o se) p-3 8are of a nephron.


How does the nephron differ between animals that have evolved in areas with low availability of water, for example, in the desert?

  Which of the following is only able to trigger a response in a cell by binding31q 4(v wbalgudd8- zu.4 eohq to a receptor in the plasma meml 3-w .1 uq euzbvodgd(4h4a8qbrane?

  Identify the row in the tcl/xj lxs8u 1 fm0;.fdable below which shows the correct information about inu;1/8l m.xf0lsc jxfdsulin.

Outline how insulin gc c5;,fqooi/ut l4)x and glucagon control blood sugar.

  At which position in the nephron would you 1w 2vy0l2zbq eey..lsq t44 fxexpect the solute concentration of the filtrate to be between 200% and 300% that of the normal blood solute concentration and for waterv4 bq4l2. fyewsqtlz xy201.e, but not sodium, to be drawn out of the filtrate into the medulla?

  Which row correctly describes the effect of a decrease in tylg 1q-qp(n+/xxl0 f ehe water concentration of the blxen gy0q-pq (l1/+xf lood?

  Which statement(s) is/are true for an ,5yw 3lj:rz (:cikalitidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

I. ADH affects the permeability of the loop of Henle
II. ADH production increases with low water intake
III. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct

  The graph shows the changes in blood pH levels of an indivible*g: k/t1neuyyq 9 (dual before exercise, q/:unly(eg 1* y ebkt9during exercise and after exercise.


Which statement may explain the changes in blood pH shown in the graph?

1.Outline how the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule are adapted for their func(jg 91c7bfaoqe7 5 lnrtion.b7jn qfcgrl1o 7 e(a95

2.Explain the differences between the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein.

3.Describe the processes in the nephron that leads to the production of urine.

  Creatine is a naturally occurring chemical produced in the body which suppcy a,cmy;jks +bl ),i,lies energy to muscles. It’s also a supplement used widely in the fitness industry to reduce recovery times and improveyj, is,a , y;c+mkcb)l athletic performance.
Creatine is broken down into creatinine which is toxic in high concentrations. A study was conducted on the effect of creatine supplementation on the creatinine concentration in the urine. Urine samples were collected from humans, and the creatinine concentration was measured.

The results from the study were used to make up corresponding creatine solutions to mimic the urine samples. These creatine solutions were then given to students to analyse. The specific gravity of each sample was measured using a hydrometer, a small graduated float used to compare the density of a liquid between two samples.

1.1.Describe the source of urea in urine.

1.2.Other than protein, state the name of one substance that can be detected in urinary tests.

1.3.High creatinine concentrations in the blood can lead to kidney failure. List two possible treatments for kidney failure.

2.Suggest a variable that would need to be controlled during the student’s experiment.

3.Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using model urine samples instead of human urine.

4.Calculate, as a percentage, how much greater the urine sample specific gravity with 10g of supplemental creatine intake was compared to that with 5g of supplemental intake.The percentage is   %

5.Describe TWO reasons why mice were used in this experiment and not humans.

The diagram below is a simple outline of the nephronj1,vcoz x * b9o60cnzl.


1.Name the structures labelled I, II, III and IV in the diagram.

2.State the functions of structures I and II from part (a).

3.Insects do not have kidneys or nephrons; they have the Malpighian tubule system instead. Compare and contrast the Malpighian tubule system with the nephron.

1.Outline William Harvey’s research r1;kf88oyzl5 / x hmwton sexual reproduction.

2.Compare and contrast type I and type II diabetes.

3.Explain the roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

  Tuberculosis (TB) is an air9x ,4p x5dvipkp2 cf)gborne infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it infects about 10 million people each year. The research was carried out in Peru to see if diabetes increases TB infection. 112 TB patients were investigated, 17 of which had diabetes and 33 had pre-diabetes can affect the incidence of TB. During the research,k5 9di4 )vpp cfg,x2px smear microscopy tests were carried out to investigate the bacterial load of each patient, and the results of these are shown below. The smear results are rated negative (no bacteria detected), scanty/1+ (very low bacterial load), 2+ (medium bacterial load), and 3+ (high bacterial load).



1.Calculate the difference in percentage between the incidence of 3+ smears in patients who only have TB and in patients that are diabetic.
The percentage is   %
2.Describe the pattern shown in this graph.

3.Deduce from these results whether there is a link between diabetes and TB infections, and discuss the evidence supporting your conclusion.

Smoking can also cause an increase in TB. Research into the combined effect of smoking and diabetes was carried out in Taiwan. Groups of patients were split into diabetic smokers, diabetic non-smokers, non-diabetic smokers and non-diabetic non-smokers in 3 regions of Taiwan. The results of 972 TB patients are shown below, 581 with diabetes and 628 without diabetes. 649 of them were non-smokers and 323 were smokers. Clinical records were used to record the gender, age and result of the pre-treatment smear (negative, scanty, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+). The results are shown below.


4.Compare and contrast the results from the first research with the data for the non-smoking groups in the graph provided above.

5.Suggest the importance of knowing the mean precent (%) of the population that has diabetes and mean % of the population that are smokers in Taiwan, when investigating if diabetes and smoking increase the risk of TB infection.

6.Evaluate the evidence provided by the data in the two graphs and table to support the hypothesis that diabetics who smoke have an increased risk of TB infection.

7.From 2000 to 2008, there has been an overall increase in the cases of type II diabetes in Taiwan.

7.1.Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes.

7.2.State one factor that may cause this increase in the incidence of type II diabetes.

  The graph shows the mean blood glucose levels in a s gais 8:a+jk1ttudy of 300 people, 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a mtk:1i jgsa 8a+eal. Of the 300 people studied, 100 people were non-diabetic, 100 people had untreated Type 1 diabetes and 100 people had untreated Type 2 diabetes.

1.Compare and contrast the blood glucose levels of people without diabetes and those with diabetes.

2.Suggest one variable, other than those already mentioned in the question, that needs to be controlled to make this study valid.

3.Predict how the mean blood glucose concentration after 3 hours would change if the Type 1 diabetics were injected with insulin 15 minutes after eating.

4.1.Explain the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels.

4.2.State the name of the cells that make and secrete insulin.

5.Calculate the percentage change between the blood glucose concentration of people with Type 2 diabetes 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal.the percentage is   %.

6.Explain why Type 2 diabetics have a lower blood glucose concentration 3 hours after eating a meal, compared to Type 1 diabetics.