What is the correct definition of a gene 27.j8ou 2z rr/l u 9gvgtecj9ipool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a populo .l+)wc jfvv.ation?

  Which of the following +l cy:uw.4:jb cuou: ridentifies a similarity and difference between natural selecti:bywolr:4:.cucu +u j on and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betulariaq1ft h,. 2/ca9kxw ayc) lives on will become darker. What effect will ya/qkh9wct. , 2fca1xthis have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to sz8jtm85jh tu a.-xee7 upport the theory of evol t78. jx-e5eutzmha8jution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/ar5u.8bw0l thcf e true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctu:d5h lg(uutf5w9 y)a qated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult n:( w z ku1q1zv-rruo,geck length of Masai giraffes z1g u1r:vq-wkzro,u( (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the devew1 8e(yl,3j1fhcbfib lopment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used osr, lze79 9th: j3alqas an example when discussing induqahz:sojl97 er3, 9tlstrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence :o5 q2y f2w+jtlutcs9 for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large be rm,nho5o9g/lfprbg ,p34rxk sn689 raks has increased relative to the frep6mxk9,,4l8 ggsor5nn f9o/r b rhr3pquency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changesn81xl vb - /vwua8)bie to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is,/,t2x pu:zlb z.mymh/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how thc+vf; 6 k6eutue effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics ca;+v ku6tec 6ufn be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait thspv*i,f p5m f(at is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb(pvf 5mfsp,i*$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) l 0tpj zo3n fxsrp06pq8(yu4+born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural (y80puo 0f6lz4t 3 rsqnjppx+ selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand cola.8di.t0m z)8;hhxi7hy mbz u oured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an h).a 7h.h8z8ibi d;zt0m mxuy example of?

  Which of the followingw(2)v n igly+*rp s(eb statements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each71zlr cmtz4 y* forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analog7z t*zly1rcm4ous?

  Which are examples of d7m ff n i;6p:chvwajnnop6 as+ 0z dpx.,88d(wirectional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural segzr qx6tfsa6;,n-av 5lection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropn f*e(,pq 5uzvical rainforests. Which *q,znue fp( 5vcharacteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted forpeau0)pc03tpd )f:ra sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbiv 3fdu qws,bo0f.87dzban t 3r8ores may develop into a population 0w3b3q tn f8ao.7zdrf,dsb 8uof plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolut go6zy( /od7xz3nfl z90 civ)oion of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest yig xzvonz7fl0d/ 6o )93czo(ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resultlgrx6 1:wi:k0zvki )w in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of ap4vpvg msj 7s;6proximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these p ;6s4mjsv vg7finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of ua/3 +/ bcbhsuspeciation?

1.Describe how mutations cn fo cd;ss v. ;3qpy/e4jb,x1ean result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of th pupw4 r fkzp/hhyv+az 0.4:.re following best describes the term evolufp0h:+uhk/ z ry4vr.z 4ppaw.tionary fitness?