What is the correct definii2v+4 h n6cekdtssp /gg vx;-lqwt8 +5ui 5tp:tion of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a pop(iwzlmt1ut- ix zayk( -8azz))yt9, uulation?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and differend i3ls2f.o;idce between natural selec di .3dfsil2o;tion and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia)8 i,yeb.ppxl 1ojl lc 96f,aq) lives on will become darkel1a) ,q fb 6oilxj.9,8ypepcl r. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be usenl 3cu)6tdkc /ab3d,1lki+ fld to support the theory of evolukd/ndl 16c )ufi,b+ tll3cak3tion?

  Which statement(s) about natural x cg8z/8yo rg9a83ut uselection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuatle yai1);.+oyf a g2qted equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraff pao .*n. )p/ 7jbvi(uzgws.ihes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What tyw.iogpa( )i.v zjus /7pnh.*bpe of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to thd2*lphe)1/qv3 t c cnye development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often unmyxf+sf36my6jk a4txj dz36 f:0/ru sed as an example when discussing industrial mely4 mjjr+6 d/a 6k0m: f3xnf6u3zxfsytanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence fo:qek2m p7:ex) iz/flrq 6qbm)r evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches wi1z/cvllnp 15 ynz.;wgr 7o3vdth large beaks has increased relative to the fvznln /ov dz. w1;13gc5ply7rrequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of)e6f wm zo)85k.f f7zv:ooibk changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breedingi pu2ah9:.zo(nn* uyh ?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics x. n1is) dlh2 v )brgh.g1 6,tjebl7nqcan be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements .le vgn1. h ,1)2 bjgb67hqd )inxtrlsof the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inhertc*kc3s)/x5) 7 gaa8osgec teited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the pr3 a) to e78c)kegscgtacs/ *x5oportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonzzrwht 3p //fjj/6 le(ta africana) born without lp( zejzwj3//hr/t6 ftusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, q3ev e )k pyum(3xi( ;uvf(;egsand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an exa fgevp(u33i uv(eyq;k)m x;e(mple of?

  Which of the following stvqev:9w) t*itatements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely. j n jk/,hfysbj.v5w. to be anaj ys/wf,bjh .vj5. n.klogous?

  Which are examples of directionalh,p)xcco2)q yg-cg p : selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of nk:1n7zli8 w guatural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical r(xah 9kn ko7fe803 g7- mjwrlcainforests. Which characteristoakl3k7f-9 jx87 ew0(rhgm cn ic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted-k*/e wda9(zhn6e by zu vq77i,ezxo+ for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance tog0c; bxc,v 62pv j:rgo herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could thi2xb: cj6ggvvpo 0;c,rs change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of featuru;zufq ht 1-u*es in the forefoot of horses from the oldesu tq;-1hfuz*u t ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variation/ykn- v (kr,va ilbu*1wwbo97?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches whic/,i wwoo /nkt: vxzcq/h1bf3xk 2q;9zh share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands.otq /h;biwnv,ck1x/ x:z2fz qk w93o / Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciatiegn la5fq qv;p6r7a9jka/) u-on?

1.Describe how mutations1 132odg))cf4 xohage9fexup can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a tep5 wzjo8tgsj 1ziab0c 3dx93 6rm used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionat508josb9 3 c3zgjpxdia 6w1zry fitness?