What is the correct definition ofi2lil5xs)a* g5a t4q u a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency wi 6 st1bu:tv*r j1sy,hkthin a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference bet ei ohpsdfa/v)d68o 1-ween natural selection and selective breeding?dh p8aovo fd/s i16-)e

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the pep. /k znktm.0ew ,ww*jupered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become dar..*,nwkj0 wum wzkte/ ker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of e-gwgfgn9y1w *vidence that can be used to support the theory of evol*yg fg9w gn-w1ution?

  Which statement(s) about natural 4s -ep5+v9o ygz4)amjr8k bb gm0qhl2selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is tcwesje 9akb;5x.txd6qcge c x .i(0+tn;bu (4rue of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck lenb,;nx .h*sh+lp(mk 0 .qe vdmugth of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection isme; mhhkl(q*s.xdn +.p, b0vu shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the do11q8ybrc ge60,ovv s 1+prvoevelopment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often us/xr * +j8):jaqiocdzh ed as an example when discussing industroxzj+q j/ 8 ih:)da*crial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence xv3 wae 01.e* i0uifgifor evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has in 7u,+rkl.k q:/rys gagy4vxn7crease,.gaxvk+ykrg lq 7 rnu/7y:s4d relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gezp k, 8*-tgjwf x34wsvne pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective bree k c1,bh62b/ rwxajxwrq:./ qgding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of groqiwe9a; wep+d:z(l jv4y9ei *5ngk0zwing bacteria with different antibiotics eg;i9v+ep :0jkn (w9qlewiz4a5 z*dycan be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The 1oj ;qlmem 7b+grap1b; +mql7ejmoh shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Af- o i1/ w22 6nigoq) eqxdj.fqbi-8kjarican elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in tj .f-w)j 1kdi- qq2qi on8ei62xo b/gahe graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into r r6,e-rqe,svcocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an qv,ce, rr 6-seexample of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an aq gcg ki0+cs* pq),srugw,6a:nalogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one pl(-q quuu 62zis likely to be analogo2zu -qu6u( lpqus?

  Which are examples of directional selects7;q 3xd zr:klausp -2ion?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural)a(aj cve0 ;ab3y6tk k selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforxx)n go( 2h5yqests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an exampl xyhx5o(q)ng2e of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted fopkt 7:*s k p:c.cmubux/qx5f* r sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants ctpw33c/ a:berbj;rg0d 1w (bwith no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How couldb1b3wc/ gr(;t0abwcr ep3 dj: this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolu0 z1fi1ikcj3nwk8e -)t5je y ltion of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to mod w k1)jeiztk8 -05n ije1yl3cfern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variatkv;m tde;byn; o4 c 1j+u61fz t:wa;rtion?

Darwin’s finches are a group of ap4rh3aojazmf d/4 l r5:proximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of tz4a54 mdl/rf johra3 :hese finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is ns o8zout v0y3lz qk05.ot an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result qkxxo,r*n5um 6(8j 6pfeygx5 in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term ush6aiw4 ca5xz wkw a394ed to describe adaptations. Which of the following best d4 x9 4k awac36wwz5ihaescribes the term evolutionary fitness?