What is the correct definition of ad,jya d7 nk3n* gene pool?

  Which would not cause changeslt6 *40bdxvz z to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a simicc79vj b4q1kn larity and difference between natural seljqnv 7cbkc19 4ection and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that t; 5 te/j ic;;g:ybi4pupa ik.khe peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What e;4auik/;ejcit5p. p;b:gi kyffect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples ofl76jv2ssrw 6iygwc 8 9 evidence that can be used to support the theory of vj68s79l6yg2iwsr wc evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true l 8clzy7j:s 849twm 3iu8mdcd?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of pun ki*z saqk pungto631w7c *k 1a64od7hctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck lengtta u(j7pd cu)8h of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the averac)ja7p 8utud( ge lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antisyr; dl:: )hpy,njxw0 biotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often usqna vt*6gbc8uig pyk // g g3/ra7ih5/ed as an example when discussing industrial mel n7agr5cht 8/y6i aq3v / pugb*ggki//anism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutionb9hz(8paw8vm ?

  In a population of finches, -() f8dsbg mcodtj )o1the frequency of finches with large beaks has increassdo1 d)b-8) tojfgc (med relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to 2 2dt1i)qtybu a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective br2zbqoy6g ko4icj 3/ zz ,80uuteeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growinvb0v ym1l*v 6kx,b ;dce7pep4g bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3*e, d4 7 v1vmeb;plvk6cx 0ypb days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inf(a;x:q o vl5hv*j,ch herited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are hofhaxh*v lqoc ,5j v:(;mozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana4(kxjjx9 .yhyfh m k77) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural sele7 fhxkj mhx.(ykj947yction explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks ov.c2. 7d xoq*edhisxis: :,xin the sand bar and dark coloured oystesixxcs:d. oi:d .o *2e7vqx,hrs blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following sta wep sq+:v)hx3tements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to .m t b+p+qzn-ibe analogoubti.++z -npq ms?

  Which are examples of directi cfkvx r4j6d;svoe0w mk+:8x5onal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selectionijmh .v/efx1 rw2.)j x?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found nea;h/s,swkppru,k 5,j yrb8( qdv, p8wzr the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is aq;zrp r, 8s j8w k/dbkyvu,wsph p5(,,n example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted + 8z+ebvu*l7 bchxc0qphq .+s for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with /vij jecyn8l-z 9pb q:b3wu 84no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. Honc y8iwelb9- u8j/q v4zb3:pj w could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot oflx)g,3.3zsqz5 fa *asetrc(v3 9i h gk horses from the oldes*ixava3 z3gce)qlhtf 9g(3 .zk5rs, st ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variatiorph*t9cg6*d 4qa 7wd9s43jrwc xed w7n?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches wgzv7):d9j h4fi +kehihich share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these fin ij+kfe9v z7 )g:i4dhhches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of spevwu1mwydqg o)9o9ip7-3 yvoqk(9wu9ciation?

1.Describe how mutations can ze 0 wn/b48)jusgk sc7a6y8ydresult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the follow olyc1r.6y4q/whne t)ing best describes the term evolutionary 1y t 6/nyw4ce.hl )qorfitness?