What is the correct definition of a zvs:thix/ 495a.yohd gene pool?

  Which would not cause chax; vrds- 4tkw qm/;r(enges to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between nafr2 r ,z93uyc.qg.7t qzw)ccv3d2 h eutural selection and selective breedi72 hf.zcd33z9wu c ergq c2vrt,.)uyqng?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that 1ne/2ri*.3 edpca rlzthe peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives o*.lac zp2nr eed1/3irn will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be usog 8zg.os *tc;ed to support the theory of g;zo.*o t8csgevolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? , c fj zricyq0mq4.y)eu4*gu(
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibriun 07+8jaf1rj) jbtmqum?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neco 9yd)hhww: 3u z.ak.)e iag6ck length of Masai giraffes (G.)u9ca.kywh deo i3a ):6 wz.hg tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lea rmdn:,z7zs1o d to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularh 9pr9o3t:hieia) is often used as an example when discussing industrial melanishrt:e 9i9hpo 3m.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provi+0j hkd3 y6mmb7q6mxf5 c 0e 0+ipneryde evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fic,4-xi.rcnn e dexzzsjb15f2+2v 7mtvc : g/fnches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches withc rfzxv -cd2e2b,4z5c1ng:.ts vx/mjn e +7if small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of change( a 4lhvuaz9v9s to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example fe:pvuq6 om9w55a,16ew qvfn(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different a ;b3l/b ks8 n1cu6(qlrm l,eidntibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken bbqll,l/(1 c e nkids3u8r;m6 every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a yz136sypn ae z*+zgs5trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows then*psaz3g 1 z5z eyy6+s proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (qatw3cyd6/ c;sppi 5)n d;fc*Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How dycsp6 dnc53;)*/;pdctiqfw aoes natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sphk-4;a2 q4xpmr 9dosand bar and dark coloured oyst ; 4pq2a smr9pkh4xd-oers blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best desc(rj,uhr(u c (iribes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each fo*s*q+t ot2b p.i)fxm bwr2gr1relimb shown below, which one is likely to be analogo2 stbob+*t1g m qirp rf2x.w*)us?

  Which are examples of directional s6yg o r3+kf89vfnwz2 qzzaea ir02:+ jelection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural s g 3vul5lvt5430mhdwbelection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainfotz;10dk y/qtb rests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an 0y/dt k;zb t1qexample of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking n,i- bdig( h tf,9am2hmectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores k ):qzxa0 gl8kh 1)hurmay develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivorearuk:kq h 1 lz0xh)8)gs. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses fro3cfrrc03q)y9 (ert (4tsy d;zo5o uajm the oldest ancestor (a) to modern dayzau94 tye 0 jd((qy33trosor ;rcc5)f horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resultwn2rvr: vwbc;r x ;i0/ in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approxi1g2a a*d/bezyxhry)u* c .:u( oybw9imately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are f9(1ducu)b2* bzye.x:aa g/ywoyh ir *ound on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of spjq xr sv8,3s ab5e*y;yeciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in na8 )3e7kl lt7i snr9zgvtural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of thlt, *h9/gfd zq ;oyg,te following best describes the term evolutyhz9 /to,l;q,gf gdt*ionary fitness?