What is the correct definition of a ge.t3w nc.pvj/ une pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency wi 7qipq*cbo b)6n ylq3s0x-up0thin a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference betwerunsn suo w0ft;/e(nm +m. e/++bcye,en natural se+ ufne+e 0m,+b wn(n;uc/tmors s./eylection and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels 6c+q(n*ken .xa 0:*qhqfahw urise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have onax(hanw :n fh0*qqcku6 *.e+q the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence dlzxdl)4 9yk 1+jq 0zbthat can be used to support the theory of evolut1 0ljd zkz)bqxly+d4 9ion?

  Which statement(s) about natural selecsx t*h 8ko-gg x..pc)ytion is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilxz o8n, :t ff w/cb+z0cafz1/ribrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of );m c.ww pw,kljy+aa: Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifeskw; :myp +ww,l aca.)jpan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead f 7dz)s, 9cp(;k;kkrr;p d4 pyt+gcanto the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is o)xk;o1 b- gza6snlr8 hk;yaw-ften used as an example when discussing industrial melanism. -)1 y6azklk-hwx srbo g8;; na

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolution? eek9 npp*7e;vwx 4.sq

  In a population of finche38im; 6in sm b r0agxz-lw/tq9 lkc+6os, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beak8t /g lnb+6rkq 0 96zlo-3wicxmami;ss. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible xnz x4yy;ln*u) e5l r,causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(u ft*yn31exff, p0r.*5 chw3pec6zq y s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growiwnpx143wv5t6 d xolt7ng bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition wewd5p4l1 ov tn7x3twx 6re taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is aaws9f k:e4vy/x*2bi t trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygo4yekav2:sft/9 bi* wx us affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African k7q (sda9tlbhxd 5hxs mx*13*elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park.9(sb xdqa3k*1 hmd x5 *shtlx7 How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloure/v2h3hgiw9hp 8 gmki 7d oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this /v h 9hw2ipgi7mgk3h 8an example of?

  Which of the following statements best descri2 lu)hlft36q z 9h3kbmbes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of ea)-sz p3zn ,hist8kbw7ch forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analogoush 8-zp,zn) 7twbsk3 is?

  Which are examples of directionahx2kh.rn : (exl selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural spsusujp cbrgi 6u/ d43/hi *h24:eh8 helection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforest qjpik83s3 6its. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptakipi363tq8s jtion?

  Which bird’s beak is bes5o0 2th4 cia8kxlkwq; t adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop g5 :cquc;g qii90l;kninto a population of plantslikc59 cg: quni0;q;g that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefootfww ( e3/yjx5m of horses from the wxw f j/m3(5yeoldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resulm-maqa s; khyiy 2-k9;t in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share me6u 0de;b2k iwayo2vq :17cj a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islaqa ;k1cy2m d7bve0 ou6:wi 2jends. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of spr o kiz6u8l3s;eciation?

1.Describe how mutations cazn9./ jxgrg(m n result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe ad(kg smf,o2nj5) bep0laptations. Which of the followipn5megb2j k ,)ol(fs 0ng best describes the term evolutionary fitness?