What is the correct definition of a gz/g f fkh)e:t3ene pool?

  Which would not cause*e+lrp:hs 2iy changes to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between naturalwc;)1ra6uvi0c jk l+t selection and selective bree+aui1 krjc6l0vwc;)t ding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston bellx)r g-yyt- 5tularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth populationr-tgx)lyly5 - numbers?

  Which option lists examplcqxq j wr6u1, -)y1sdtes of evidence that can be used to support the theory o, y-q qrsxjctw61 1ud)f evolution?

  Which statement(s) about naturall+doe+jn b;py 1tu6 n5 selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuatedsd+ou3ari f t5a*:1uu/-om z y equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai gifjho;fd g 2y-e7zp;.p raffes (G. tippelskirchi) hyj-;z pp7fog de;f .2and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lea(y lyc6-rn xo9d to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) io0t 1qcc)m.ta s often used as an example when discussing inotat1cqm0 ) c.dustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual diver/sx4:zylp 5qz.vn3 kpgence provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with lar2oo kl/ ukhq38ge beaks has increased relative to th/k hkq 23loo8ue frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possiblve y-pzagt5w7-yz 5 mpp1o7z3e causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) er+k wx(1 xjq9of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with diff6)8p,p 6 6ewvffqmzbaerent antibiotics can be inves86wf66pbqe ) v,mzfa ptigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that 81 4mf3v fvzjn c*bu-lvnr):ois inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of peoz1b3 j*fv ru-:m 84vfnv)nlcople who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africanao 6l40a(ob lti) born without tusks6 oo b4all0t(i in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in thiql -cdx qqd-.55 dmj,p/4tw4cbzs.s e sand bar and dark cold- 4-tj.5dxq4,/ zqsqw p5 .misdcbcloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structure?6l5l67tkcna o

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to b n,.fyt,r 3xxye axx ,,nfy3 .ytrnalogous?

  Which are examples of directional sq52wvqtvn9pu6jx6 d *(fo3 mielection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of w1k5kddc d/7 ::5ye /mvyii scnatural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainf2(cs+eh k/kc 7burh3 )w;vvu oorests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a u 3/rc+(wvusc;2h okh 7 b)kuveseful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar0;4 io: ibg fvydnw4 q0 u7ptg0aevftz0)fb4- from flowers?

  A population of plants with n,40qiqz.s v fjo resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plaf,v0qsz q.4j ints that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolutio-iuhz1egedy9 - n,ol uk -*x1un of features in the forefoot of horses from k9i, nx-e*uye- 1 z1hd- goluuthe oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variatczi)g j;vr*pef2-u 5 )naucu1sv nkqmd2b 71-ion?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finchepc5 kuqfy2e +)5v6en( )qz.o p i2lzpks which share a common anev.)ekczf5pqq(+2 lp)2 inyuzkop5 6cestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciation?gtjp+a vg6mx sj0x, -3

1.Describe how mutations *1rku yshd +k-can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of thef(ozq+mdmx .w;gv +1t following best describes the term evolutionary1f .(+zowxqtdmm ;g+v fitness?