What is the correct definition o1hh dv86-.qbyz ;ycm0 ljr z*yf a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes tb e el;/n3+ds*uvwyhwrt7: u*o the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and differenc1): jnm-e/t4pcjey bce between natural selection and selective b - jm 4:cteyb)j/encp1reeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston e lk94-(l9naf q-f-d ptd3bdbbetularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppe-f( -t pldld-nd9 34kaq9e fbbred moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidenio /.// wyu al6am vg)ffdb)1q8oab8sce that can be used to support the theory of evolu1 ub/f68w)iaolvdfs ) a.oa 8//ygqb mtion?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true5ae9jfzbwi : sg)5co.?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibjhiy*h- ) t47 b6p- 0ohemyyrzkmt*o(rium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult dsw) n; 3z7fdwneck length of Masai giraffes ( sf;w3wd znd)7G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development o m7e/-o7v puwww1o*ixf antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as s4dpw)00-xs g i ,fvuuan example when discussing industrial melanisx)v up0,ui-d g40sfwsm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidenv9 awnp uc(vw treh:4 k3z(-:wce for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency o93xhk i4+ v sxtmv3o8ix csf7(f finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finchefit49vs(x3so+h cvx8k mi73 xs with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a ge -l-bgl11)ovkz3ss0xmc t eh*ne pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) o;l 7ybaxzp*s/yd .* gxf selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with xabh;qg9:,r*r-ath c different antibiotics can be investigated. A study wa q h;hbtaxa*r-gr:, 9cs conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant majr(7 vhe(*c4zqy ;u tgnner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affe;zu7qgy c4th rej* (v(cted (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephan opz9y)39l jj6j 0nzglts (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain thel0j3ny j 6gz9lz9)jo p trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar r;.ppg ca;bk32zas y5and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. W;3zcr5pp;a k .bsagy2hat type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the followinsn2 ear*uvn( jj33i a +(sz(uug statements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, w(-z gjy402xba8ahqso .c tiu1hich one is likely to be analoxj(4 hy u0aq -gs.iobca8t21z gous?

  Which are examples of directz 9;5m7h4oh0v*yvuy5gn*jng6 ltq ctional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selectiox1b 1arz*5v qcn?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the grpy+*- va8g i:i:bay* uv s8i/j 6ddplvound in tropical rainforests. Which charav gij:*8au/ b l6svdy ippida:8*yv-+cteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best 3v2 k vm3xxb*x b*m dbf 08qv63j0hhfkeg8.vtadapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivhv kps+ 7k77mvores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxi7h+vpk s 7vmk7c to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of prffhy;f -(c 6horses from the oldest ancestor -f(py6r f;fhc(a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variati 0 ;lfyuqh:0+k/vveassj* s )n8u 0sifon?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approxim6 -ua t,mn*dewately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these*-aedw ,6tnum finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not ii6,b.:s zcuk /o jg4han example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can g8fpdbu1 .z/vp a+ q1sresult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe ade c5*7lqnr24)v (td vsqwar1 oaptations. Which of the following best vwq(l4r n cd25) v*rqt7seo1a describes the term evolutionary fitness?