What is the correct definition of a gemx:5x (dp.is1dd s*otw /fg fuad9p/9ne pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frebr 3dzvuh*rpz9vg2+4 :y* foz 1ms.x aquency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between naturalhaabvpvnx -- 0(-db,i selection and,pv-i av- -nd ax0b(bh selective breeding?

  As pollution levels riq( j +5l-kh- t+wyayv -cp8ky3r*pizxe* c1 nqse, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered mot*c5y +-p(i81a qcklr p y-3+wnkhj qy-x*ztveh population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to suppor- slq) tybo,v;t the theory of evolution;-vqbl ,os) ty?

  Which statement(s) about no boo 059 o6ys5ooto8batural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilw4 3hyd-mfxu g(nbcy w0tr270 d j;vc-ibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult mypf7x*y8am)f 1ra:kneck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelrpkmaaf7*18yyf x:m)skirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibi1kietpt3(v5cz (: / :, ivlnjhb2njx yotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is of v+z6,r q+c6qafc n5soten used as an example when discussing industrial melan c,s rzfvqa++5oqc 66nism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergenc) k i.mwh v)dtumm**;c:cj6jm e provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches withc ek+.x7y1 sle large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could hay l 71eks+xec.ve been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes tomn(uf t5f h955jocx3.x bud x. a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/l+z.)2awf mkn are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibionrs 8xzm.e/z:8i zhq4 tics can be investigated. A 8z /z4.h8se rzqx:inmstudy was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait )wn +pm6jbefhhj o*()that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hboh)+n) jwjfbh6*(ep m$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Africankuir p u.4r03z elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown inkr uz3upr4i0. the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloue 6ahvmtp-t1s8ss3 e:red oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this a - 1pvstmh 6ssa:tee83n example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous striosspzoh*k ( p()768cliingt*n -4qyq- ib5h ucture?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to b .3hj u-pbn (xinh9 g9ulxahj)*i bu4;e analogous? ib93xuh )jgu9nh4lu (pix;*jb. an h-

  Which are examples of directi7xr wj6wg*d.sonal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural seg+ sc).s64uqgpej;xu47 elp klection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforestsw e9,c48jdb yyyq;sx ,. Which characteristic of the leaf is an ejy;b8s,xyw 9,qe dyc4 xample of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectarm2q5t0q6*xb5 h rdjs4 euu1jc from flowers?

  A population of planpvj q dh7r-,s:ts with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. qdph,s-r 7j:vHow could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of feau2: 7l 9patn;mur gjfn.wi8;otures in the forefoot of horses from the oldestuimf w 8 u9g7lr:2.j n;aonp;t ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in qe6 8pokrmz6 0variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finchet 7 y+)ngo/xiis which share a common ancestorn/ y otgixi+7) and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is n)j4kkd ;pxlq. e9;n+f e 0ktqaot an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can res wi ru qidrj; z9 4bkm.eqq(c-wi08/5rult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of t v f3wsg)g9o)dhe following best desc9 )svd3g fowg)ribes the term evolutionary fitness?