What is the correct definitgz( ;eh4(3k dgsvp7kpion of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequzx// fowtkc) lj2v) g.ency within a population?

  Which of the following l9qw)2:is/wsj lq u2vbmp-nf 6b-7pp identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection anjn slqb)wwm ppul7b- 2 f2q-s:ivp9/ 6d selective breeding?

  As pollution levels zja)t 98pchkkyue9iw bxbc.(dj:+9 8rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on wic( b ep+99ixbhz8w98aj ctu)jy:k d.k ll become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists example 1dy70r 3pwrdms of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evolutionr01w7r d3m dpy?

  Which statement(s) about natural snbwslq7.oyu 122.wc fz u2tq4election is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibrium p*/2 ,fcr:gcx)fkwtr?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masaih q05q56bcvh 0zdmx6 s giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) a0 mhd6hbq 6qxc50s vz5nd the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antn*uu4 ; 8ma2e ;thdvkqm97r p40/r b w7cfdgulibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when di,3 t:u dahx1z op 9 ,whc80vlm2lpp-nxscussing industrial melanism.2xzl0pdn:ocu1p39h ml t pa8-whx v,,

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provyd 1y:orw il;e e7v+6jide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increazau l6;n3cjkhl oy,5o2+hj 1d sed rela j3 koy56zdhah 2j,ll+1onuc ;tive to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gek+n( l 7chm.w2hyrqubg oj93:ne pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selec:ar sp5byvs:8 tive breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect ojol qhqco 10i -y8dva*n5zs94f growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to t8ldo*19-y oqj q4hsi50 c avznest the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominants mnt(pf 7yjj6t1 /bj+ manner. The graphpn/j17jtjysb+m( f 6 t shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number es osnv5v r6o9*niv o ) ipc*-na;a:5uof female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown inev9n -i;arv6 )opvncs s**o: uin a55o the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bara-fo-u/wv t6+xh veke0 msg n97:rbjc (q i5r4 and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selectia9v-bw fni7jr6h/0(s: 5c+em v g-q xtre 4okuon is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structw*efy )b.oi -mure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shom/r6))mq3 j f6jxoczswn below, which one is likely to be ans)3 r/m6fm j )oj6qcxzalogous?

  Which are examples of directional selection? ih h 6xd60zh;2org*yo
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example ofu: d;;* grypqn natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often foun+:o1mk+onj( 5o 9a*zpl 8jvg.pnh zmwd near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adapj ao+k(jmvnpmzo9h 5*no:8 wg. lzp+1tation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking niy xomcy0q7w9*ii3a1ectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores makl9c p;-.tgv 3nfbx2ey develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to hev9fnb23ex;ct.gk- plrbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of featu,nd( o1a *c*t(nnvqfwres in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) 1tandvq n*n( w*, fco(to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variation zk+fu2luri j.r*9p 1ikcy qe:yh1ukp1,1c1j?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a common anef .)qgp5 6oqly;g+ax cestor an gp .aoye6;lq5)xf+ qgd are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exampleh4dj4htc9wovf opd+ gz,5f2 6 of speciation?

1.Describe how mutationsz) ufkdv v(z 1pq)(*hl can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the fol5 kqr-xs +y0s 3 2rrfegva3x6olowing best dess r-33 oxy s62r0vr fkqaeg+5xcribes the term evolutionary fitness?