What is the correct definition or+nh//ux (cq nn;dk9q f a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a populationq,hkn9,esuh 5y1 8z ie3d9spgfa * wq7?

  Which of the following identifies a similarmd41 aa,ni 5ywity and difference between natural selection and sw1dina4 ya,m5 elective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that ahiq pxm4n83ut ;3a2 othe peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives 8 uahia qox3nm; 43p2ton will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists example*mri-yi. ;fh6r r7p wgs of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evolutioiimrr;pw7* h 6-y. gfrn?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/aa5x uhpan-2e: :kq*f4kgy oapsa d-72 re true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equiliuoiqs;(*) l zsbrium?

  The graph shows the ret-l) 4d1ocg i9p(z s ga2;tvszlationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) andv1)dtc zp( ista29g4-lo;zsg the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of apx6fmjfkt29 : ntibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Bistongv:s3y0z1 .drwq /kvt betularia) is often used as an example when discussing ins10yw:k3 dtv.r qzvg/dustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutiong)ysp0h) u2v bqna4g gh+-qk1?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with lo:aqps.y2)hh tb(3asa0 v. umarge beaks has increased relative to the frequency of fincyt p.a. hos)b mvu:saqh32a0( hes with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possibu ge2 :uk,rs/4 1y9s v5yb-nshe v)sjcle causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is 5 faelxl+kg13/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria wit.67 z;s vrt /-ovaink*orbpd(h different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital s.kr;pt7vvi -ab6/zdnoor( *door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graq zk x0d3)yw4aph shows the propo4awyx03q ) dzkrtions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants ( b2qi- l75wx+nw obi4.8cvew aLoxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the gr-wq4a.vb o bx57l i+w ciwe8n2aph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in tzl (z:e a-pqt:k::cm r,ifwh0he sand bar and dark coloured (zep:rctmhf- : 0zal:ikq:w, oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an anal.ou;sxq . 1zax*ly9mv ogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is liudn-k4 1h2wylkely to be analogou nlhykd1w42-us?

  Which are examples of directioxp:s9oh4n 3hx nal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an examplq9tihi m(9ytic + b60dgu 2x9we of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found n/ r4vpwh0: ,p zwbtims/x);wfear the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an ;/rimwpzpw4 s v/:t ,0wx)hbfexample of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for e2ef /d-ev+-j4iudmtsucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may deve( ztjzp 3e/i); lsa/fjlop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this tza;3/ i lj(/)zpejsf change occur?

The diagram represenpmw q-y7e*d+wm;. kki ts the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern dew k-k d;p.w7myi *m+qay horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in *og s;kahqh b,, 4c8c.9plgha variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately y q:azypd7g w3mw-m1j o0d1+z18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches ar:+ p dy1d m-w7qzgy3jow1mza0e shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is 0b : /z i(kocktj00zeynot an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selecto dayoi ;hc/ 5qp1o42jion.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term uslz *+wm,yru3b ed to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describe3l*y , m+brzwus the term evolutionary fitness?