What is the correct definition of a gene poo2wr:5mm6 o+xwy i3 frzl?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frek puezn-pk+c(11lm4v quency within a population?

  Which of the following identix aq,w2v bvlqqf8 7f(6fies a similarity and difference between natural selection a q,6l8f w7fvxq(q2vabnd selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that -u 8fyusfl3 m9the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this h9fm l 8uf3uy-save on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can begp:nr8pm 7 )ay used to support the theory ofym ragpn8:p )7 evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are gd,,xx dp nh(he1t08k )i9ocqtrue?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is trueoaun-j5pt o:pl) hhuc/ *e j(; of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship betweenq6l 15g2yk2evvctuc0 jc 6+ly n9x+zh the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and thec+622k 0 qljytvl9z c gc51u6nyeh+vx average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead3bs jm39l c.gs to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example r4 l*4ie 9vxfm 4nuctwp:51 jnwhen discussing j9un 4n1l54cw x pe*rm4t:fiv industrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for eqppxx1 -j 51cxvolution?

  In a population of finches, the fl dx3,jjews,nkp/u. 2 v)nt 2lrequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could havln jjvdukn,. wpxs 2 2/lt3,)ee been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes t /(w *pric sue1ir3f.e+c*nmeo a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are ex9q7irf nsfktm,3tph lrskt6x3005d; ample(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibrwi1 0bcv ,a8k7e zkzo225klciotics can be investigated. vz275,kc8okcw1 lr0eb ia2 k zA study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codbuj; j-:uf4p7hb qhw 0ominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who ar7pu:u ;f- qb0jwj4 hbhe homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the numbe-r u9v4r0b+f dydg k/vu(md,k r of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural s d yvvd/gbf9ku r0r+4-dmk(u,election explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar a .u38ptyyrafa kd5)x)nd dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type3)ya)fa8kdxp ty5.r u of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the followin:ds3h6okf xc.;c noe7 g statements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb show:+ lkwt.qs /hft2z(ihn below, which one is likely to be analogous+kw fi(2/zsh:qt. lht ?

  Which are examples of di2hzez)rv gq4 5rectional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example k(r j,tp: gw ,2aobe-nof natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainfores lhj86tadg,3dqe- es *ts. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of d6- ,at gsj3 lqeh8*dea useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is s, y lr2;blt+ra,+ttw best adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a pop8)vx4c1p5p e jaipa0qulation of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change o1aci5pea40) q ppv 8jxccur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from +(h5l/ivmexd. japf2 the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (l/h e .ipx j2afd5(+mve).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resus. 8(7 axet90po8thtbj lpgr1lt in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a co3sw2 ) hudrlcr -r14qran-d-ummon ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these d-) -nrcq1r4 urhr2a lsd3uw- finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an v-b o:st da 60;4 btvi5xg4rnqexample of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natura va;pn)tg 3va(1p- kwjl selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptc6sh, 4kx 3;olklcl 8aations. Which of the following best describes ahos;c k483c6l l,x lkthe term evolutionary fitness?