What is the correct definition of a gene poo(m+wo9 j(*fkudt ;6;izh* 0uq7b fls hcn 5pebl?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a po.z-q d7aa,i yk* *cv;0e tqtebpulation?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between natural se9cz4m8u3zgfck-+a e ple8za m-cezp9+f 3gcu 4kction and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biw *z a3u;0fttbkfr l9(ston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population(*wrk t;zf0abtl9 u3f numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be uh9*dy-h9 tc/xa ct r f4;map44loiv +wsed to support the theory of evc ytv+i/l -x 49 9dhpf4tcwrhom4*;aaolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection i*nfjwk*8z:u 9 h69pnao g vtr2s/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilri4ib t902yb gibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult(f)8s9glv eus0 w0 lsghen8e 2 neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the avgu l0928 vsfne 8lg0se()eswh erage lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following sj7a.oth ypr9*.5eduxq0 b +r qb) l(jcould lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used a 1ybcdrp 4/u cqx 7,p.+hy6txuz)jd4ps an example when discussing industrial melaniy4x .6xputjd zdq ,+yu/b1c4)prp7 h csm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence prod:ta( xzqfa1 3)e(t bqvide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequenakoo pi:vz* i-s5/;khcy of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the freohk* ;:izsik /a-5ovpquency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gen6k u+4yx)x1g 1xotmz ye pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of sel,:im *les o8bzective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteri l6yy3yfu ),s5ayjj1u d8ps:oa with different antibiotics can be investigated. d63yj uyyfp :j,85 1s uo)ayslA study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner..reazmewt3 05 The graph shows 0ea3e m.5wrtzthe proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephad2nmz7 r1tmpy2djag5vx ) j-8nts (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Goronmj51 d-8vax 2jdm )pnt7yzgr2gosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand o(+ ,zul3syxf coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend betterxzsuy( ,lfo 3+ into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an anaud6j. +lek-hblogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb s4 ijr-*axrc:ub)j0 easo+vkemv++c 1hown below, which one is likely to be analog:a)-vkrb xrc4c+i* v+om0jj +u as1eeous?

  Which are examples of directional sel,uhwusmo vf ),966xoy ection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural sh8o 6 b4jiy2bhelection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often fou,htfp6w(c19.k y szn gjeq0f7nd near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example oq6cwy hz f09t n7s fk,gj.pe(1f a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for suj qxvzbbn2na0r q;20* cking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores ma2yh 7x mb )qo*q(nmae9xcv- ;oy develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could thxq*vqn x9oy7m;mche (ao-2b)is change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of h.q8 vb dx ye+ru..pukei r-(o7orses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (qdvr-+ .ek y7ip8xu(eu.b .o re).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vo ckv79kax( x.ariation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a common am ,*9ctri srv9ncestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown beltr*mir9 v,s 9cow.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the followinxr(qkbf7) 7gfg is not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations nyv51t;+huj+ujq au /p p-uc; can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. W(/ k*6u 8ttbtb6 ysnthhich of the following best describes the term8bktttns *hut/(y6b 6 evolutionary fitness?