What is the correct definition 2y 7vhyctij6)of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the alle qzzsb.*tzz1)le frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference biu0 l2 rm2 urt),qat:y4mokq/ .ysv 5yetween natural selection and)/tmt :qu y2 vr.yymu4qk5oa r,l2s 0i selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees thc. nx0*pwb g,ty2wa5 yo37df4tiv c4iat the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth p *ix gn2vw.yd7o0bi cwfc5a43t p4 ty,opulation numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the th:gy(.7/c pj jz i5bz ji6fz*314dbf5jaw eiyieory of evyz(ga36jdw 1/: j fe554 bciiyjb i pzf*zi7j.olution?

  Which statement(s) about naturg 0d s6wchciur8xx+u6. k70q ral selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of puk8p udo xoe4.h+f*7x dnctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai g9j 953qcnx sy.+ux90jc xzdl9ain kc2iraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the averagei9q9 +0 2dxn9 l35u9xxs kczjc n.acjy lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to thd wu,oknop,: 6rr kxqa-3gc1+e development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is oftzv, lwz++tqs)en used as an example when discussing indqztsl++ wv ,z)ustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence ;83 vz: cwbu x6kzj)u4:j hsomprovide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has i8 .8p lz-r(wrjwuju ;w/-vihuncreased relativ;w ljj88zvih/(rup u-wr u w.-e to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes1 cie2)l 2p d02di) vxj5ou fyug2.ibj to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of so t;qp)6zso3x/ l4inxelective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect ofz ;itc ab(y+l* growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of t(;ila z*ctb+y he zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inhe tz4emash-9cfh9 4 m3erited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygotze3-e9mfsh4mc a 4 h9us affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) if s1sbc 62z158ed qipudz*m7born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the tre 12ssumb d6ze5zi8ip17 dcf *qnd shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend int3q8ny qz8a ;xco rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an q c8axz3y 8;nqexample of?

  Which of the following statements best dese )vpu()h zojjyb9k ky3 o:jp(47 2tficribes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be h7ksfva xu-amn* 4 j/7ava/n-hsu*j7m7ak fx4nalogous?

  Which are examples of zkjz0:3d;a xm n,+xcwdirectional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example h5fl1dam+o 2 tof natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are orduaiw 2w1 epm32(f9yften found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Whic2day2p r1(9wu feimw 3h characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sowk 4liyu gysn1yjb)(f g-gp;; b(4)m eom;w9ucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may d eyvq+d2k y.5 xeqtj6/evelop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivo 5d6.k/etq2yxjyvq e+res. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses+ dac ghts6kr;os*q19 from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day +ktrc*s96qod g1h;sa horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in varvy a68; z jrdmus7jf/4iation?

Darwin’s finches are tst, 9 wg( llmt9nw*1f:ls 1vx:fpha1a group of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these fi 1tl,hlt p*ms aft91 9wgv:lw1xs(f:nnches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not ane4m 8d5om max/ example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selectioahdt*afq8u9; n.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. 7gcii/be( x .sWhich of the following best descrc.xb/ii (egs7ibes the term evolutionary fitness?