What is the correct definition of a gene axifh7 l:1r(d4 p5od spool?

  Which would not cause changesl,6dfj*t hdtyz 4w2nsy1p - 6b to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and ce*64kjq h;e7-gwdda difference between natural selection and selective breedingeck d *aq7we 46gdh-;j?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betxh a+4d:,(mb2y4:fjkma mi djularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will thisdf hm :jaim:2,b4k4x +dmj(ya have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that ca3x c 5)stvjn*gn be used to support the theory of evx)vsctj* n g35olution?

  Which statement(s) about natun;mf-npp :dc )ral selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punc9ltn.a r .-htwtuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraf )(c8.cbze elex3bed ;fes (Gb3;.z)eb (l ce cdexe8. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could leau8 c dtjteb3;w+we ho3x8 qk21d to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an 44g ua5 4zqjlsexample when discussing industrljgq44a5 us4zial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence fl/ t+vbko bprc 7u33a(or evolution?

  In a population of finches, the freq3yi 0w s1fmqt4uency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have bees0mqy4i1wt3 f n a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene pool 5zapo7 6p,ts7oaa:x p.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective b0tq0* n ideg)ireeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteri,;u7hkgyi qy zimeoo 1 gwxy.1e9 m46)a with different antibiotics can be investigay 6 )g4 omw, gqi;yhyikme11u7.9oze xted. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited ijkw89pl2e qb) xlo3 vwmm5f21( 3qhwjn a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (8 fm1xl wv3h5q9p3o) w2e(bjkl m2 jwqHb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African eleph )j6a1 xl )pdl9jbfl7gants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown pjlg9)db1 lxa)7 6lfjin the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in tb cg8yd(h.u9nm.0a bl(s uvm*he sand bar and dark coloured oysters blen9. ag b ul.ych(v smbd(u*mn08d better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best descr8x,zi.:p6wzj4* n8vl di acio ibes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure qr g)2z e.3s etcafv+2of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analogousg e.3vf)2c2tz ra eq+s?

  Which are examples og3pb:8c)dh2 owsj o.zf directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selection?w s7d6fst/oxan uca- p)g 1r(*9pgh1y

  Broad-leaved plants lz(54 w bz-hzyy lnp g 2b7d(tcy82dv6are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of bt-ly5 hldyz7v c2n y8wgd ( 6(b24zpzthe leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for w87ui1n sh9*+a+h z hp.xruzoc,n(odsucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to hy+j *hnw0 ,kv1:7yw wv6mgcrierbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could*iyn16j0gr7vhyw w vm:wc, k+ this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features ic v(c;zc,kk g.n the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horse.vkc(,gck zc;s (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resultcyh5m da *9+ oe2kalb) in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of apit7d9( yedt+rdwu+ l 1proximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Fol(+ry 9eu +1di wdt7dtur of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an ex z lxq(ho2cv-n(yt2oh n97u1eample of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result ife v uwbe-/5sp8z yu.(n natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe jds) pde w*h dl8s-89. 5wqh.wkyo id7adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary d-io*dh .jhde5s8)l89 y7p s. qwwdwkfitness?