What is the correct definition of a gene pool?)(sjz1sk/1amv /bb p p

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a population?2n** fk d:ymdnh0tx7n

  Which of the followinghufqp--tg7gk o yf*ws*4 7 .yj identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selectg.oufhj kg7tyy*q47 s w-*f-p ive breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Bistouu u jx,osl ms;fyv6 + yv.w1m(n(8w2gn betularia) lives on will become darker. Wha g((2u+mvxmn 1suswul.of,8vw6;y y j t effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to suppor/t u wuaet:zndikx . n1/37zfm,3vuv5t the theory of evolutiou/z/amn3 f7 ti.w1de:u xnz3,u5 vtvkn?

  Which statement(s) about natural selecn.rsxl*q+k2e* + i;fjwn9b5p +jb adytion is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuatedpq fq0gn)) 6zb equilibrium?

  The graph shows the re,czgn5 o 3;tg iu+oabklm0 3r3e dx49flationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the grapnx0g349k; ie,mlzbg3aro c3 5 fout+d h?

  Which of the following could l7k*;0f+ q -ca46gj gy9txlja xfvrf *oead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is ac;a0x (*yng - mfrg06ktej1doften used as an example when discussing industrgyc0j e*1(aa-; tg0krdmfx6 nial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evid:d s yug*f04-z8 wu- t.qegqunence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequenk gojxeh(b whp5l 7fq78d5- 8hcy of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finchh5w dhgfq8j7 b 7e8-kh5ol p(xes with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changk2m.s,hr-8fv o ma7rhh99etn es to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are examplnzcha3lssk ;05 nx(,k5gx1lae(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different)xhl-gyq1ni03j )u x o antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance goj)-nxhix 3 )0lqyu1 that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codo/+g91uss (qk rmwdj b /ocz1.pminant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who a jrmsuocp/sk(g q+9wz /b1.d1re homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the nu2 j29zs wb*d** n4s2wdrgm( ;jljuubomber of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the gzjw*gn4 w(*jsub jd*2l ;sb9o2 du rm2raph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand colournzue 3q)u-rcuf k tb66v4m6 8jed oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this uqu 3t6u)4k6zf8mcn -e j brv6an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous struc6g.je fn.q r g. 5x5bx4nnf(usture?

  Based on the structurec sbee0v ,do;3/lqk5f of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be alb ; es0 cdf3o5ke,/qvnalogous?

  Which are examples of directional selection? vw 5f 3ofulqujk; g akr* .:y61p2myq*
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural se2ftj5udfm j)v *4sl7t lection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground into bli w5svapn+,/ k; ,ty43ke tropical rainforests. Which characteristic ofy3kn45los keb , w,;/v+ittpa the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adap dd)9gd,w ,kr0lvay (et9zq ij;vk; (rted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance tlctdlw-8l/ 587xqmssgj7 i+ xo herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could td7g lx5l/xtw8s7c+l jis m-q8 his change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution o rp3 66b+( k5tzgmholwf features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day hz6+3hmwb5r(6gp otkl orses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variatiokb4c x:z6/nwew) y b5ln?

Darwin’s finches are a group of ap c,drt;.dkv+/wa- prq proximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown cwk-p r.t;qdd, +a/vrbelow.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an examplxj2s(v aj6(im4t/nr 0rm uhe7e of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can0-u 2 mfz-p. wltm/ryd result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a te v*l pf8g6a0 8tjlfve)rm used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary figfp8fvle0j6*a8 tl )vtness?