What is the correct definition of a gene p2a/3 fdm3, j ya0j0l ej*zctrf3si qi(ool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within aplwd*ea3)m:vj4 0nx )+l3rbr6 j kgpd population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarfm67)3a h g buu-lfuq-bn4 r/ -isaq+mity and difference between natural selection -fuiaru s/nq-6bf 3lgb7)-4m +uhma qand selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Bist +em52yo3;tc pdbcgyd3 z6z6k )n2zm oon betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth popcyn +)332z c;d6 mg de5p6ty2z okombzulation numbers?

  Which option lists examb06 1obk 3 k1xt,qb:bdaxsbjr2wvy)/ ples of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evbo xb,x q2v)1 /1b3yr:0sabtbkj6w dkolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selectio3 3*8ioqla qf:pd z;gun is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of pun7ihcc / 4w-uy az0h3 rlpc)fhk8o19yfctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neckx(*c6(mh2 wh 6-rkvgfssmp 4l length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What ty k(cfxrw6vspms26h-lm4 *h (gpe of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could +a :d2cq2i ednlead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used a8 b+gh /ugj8ymul og./q*b b:ls an example when discussing industrial melanism.l bm/j8o lbh 8ggb.uu/g*: q+y

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provid4.hj5lr dtalp7gln 2y 4bg,u9-5 pd qze evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency o)2e)k uac69 zh:imyj vf finches with large beaks has increased relativ2e:uvza)jc khm 6yi)9e to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes-qz y: 89uqhjh to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selectio yr .q 3j u wr6fk+gmi:3x47+ngmzs2dve breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of guvj99n d h5iu1rowing bacteria with different antibiotics can be inhnvud1 9 95juivestigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The qd;e)jczy ,ou 48s*z 2xjxi k5graph shows the proportions of peop2ouj8j i ,e*x)yqzk x5cd;4 zsle who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta afriw; zflmy ;/v+ ednpba2l*rbjf t)(p;7 cana) born without tusks in Gorongt (fw fjn2;/rmvb+b ep7yd a;)plzl*;osa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, );d-ifn m/npy +fe ,gm *3ffwusand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest part i,nmmf w3fdp;g+)nfe-fu /*ys of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an au9y dl8 r6jsk .r.l4herril:7nalogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one iq+e-fgywr) 9 on-fua ;s likely to be aur +)gynf eaf9;-wq-onalogous?

  Which are examples of dirbj3k b8aff7a5fky i./r/ zsi0ectional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exampl,w-dx2tm; ixts sss 09e of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rfaite8ukcm f44( ,rl*n/+ z niainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example ofnzuen/4lm4i*fr ikt+ ,f 8a(c a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectarne)7s u ,db**mb1pbvy from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resisto.m20l5kobr nance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants0bkmno r.o l52 that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the eoxh5 4d 5bdrk-a. mm4,w6wg nevolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a45rm -ganke5xw64d ho d,m.bw) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in 4(,zlv phit er0*wx /fjotc( 4variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a common ag yjstaqw1l0k.c(r+i084(zi fvsl5 u2wf o1wncestor and are found on ty w cqa(1ltsf8go1slww4 zrk 2 +uf(0j 05i.ivhe Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not ank.t7 +f 4p3+tpxvhxv2bl wu7t example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutation7 uc jfayn5y*uc80*y; xy3/l fs1n tlfs can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to des;f 55w20z: s2mysv 1vvgwppntcribe adaptations. Which of the following f;wgv 1nm s52wzsvv5pytp 20:best describes the term evolutionary fitness?