What is the correct definition of a gene poti1 q(hvi2s o3ol?

  Which would not cause changes toglbuf: ;u- uu9 the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference bettb9z+ o v459k rf4jm14hurnzaween natural selection azn+ovt9rz4uh 1fk4mjb9 5ar4 nd selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that )ktif8 nux/u .n4y kpotq3d e/9ql-p/the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered 9qf nqk /nppxo8 4y-udut)// t.3eki lmoth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theom6 ( r)fbd6.x,tp smjvry of evolutionpvd,bm6f xr.sm) 6j(t?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true?4ex3 u( zkhjo*le 06hu
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuayxu p/ -w rmrkapihi( g2,ehfd:rzr )u1l *:9.ted equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of vdd)t(y2u kn 4p/1dvi; )srx y:x xry+Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and tddr v v ny+tr:1/dxxx)y;s24iy(k)puhe average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could l/atydmx b- ei:cp2 k4*ead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an exampaz 0it *mf2gu9 ataufztz*5i,-i3 5qble when discussing indus,ig q 0-fb25a *zt 9u*timif53zazauttrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence pr).c k ot7y9axkkt(4szovide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has 6,de;zat/d jfgj p) m;(x-dwqincreased relative to the frequency of finches with small b,pgxd) tj/;j6 q m ezda-wf;(deaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes *an yud)-akzs f/*k t ntc*34lto a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breedicgz i8eu1pg6m7-h( u.2 vjfc tng?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with 2h2 aai g3cng6mi3i/ mdifferent antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospi/3g3cg ima 2i6ha2m nital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a kai6 e8(w8lfd/d .dw.q yjtq9codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people(d a l/6..qe9kdtwfw 8i8q djy who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) bg7-ub(c mkqfy6 , 7vpvorn without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How dogqb kf(vy-u7m6c,7pv es natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters cudg;ox e(k +:blend into rocks in the sand bar and dc+od(ek; ugx: ark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statementsc7o,t:m19 )3qzpm l* e agijnu best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be,7fees+:pzpl. 7n oyc analpf.:,lz7yscno +ep 7eogous?

  Which are examples ogsr/1(hr2wd of directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural s6g0t)kpw z1 bdelection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in trpl9n; m hjdj gzu6)(z 55kpx3vopical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an examv6u;jk( 5 h)nzj59xz3dlgpmp ple of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from fl;k qw* 7aaltt3oc772d 4yzyfo owers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a pope80ypj /aq 5n6j .0xzmrfk3jn ula p/m08f0jax3n ny.jq5k6er j ztion of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the fxl ct4z2e a :9oc4cm9iy 4i9dwhvs(4horefoot of horses from the o9xht4cacwl si c9ivz4 4oeh92:(y 4 dmldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variat8yrw06guc24e p)hpr lota vqn7++-ekion?

Darwin’s finches are a grouxh/u 6+fkebe 2q p*xb)p of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches a6b2+*be uk)x heq/x fpre shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exampun 9,ainsh/ fgdeb+-vw u 33jzkcw(/ /le of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can -a;yr/1 wwju fresult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which owa pjc8.4i6mijxz7+ynr 2o9 g f the following bes.aw8z+rynj6 2 m j 47goxp9iict describes the term evolutionary fitness?