What is the correct definitiony+k(8: mmpw;haz +d o*cvwog6 of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency with-1rz3msu / udyin a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and dimv fwk)+n ,x14;bscbk fference between natural sel,c +1nmb;vxwsk4k )fbection and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, th32eatd4 enjkcij2v7ik /e)l/e trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will be eji2k/d/k 7jav) lc243ti neecome darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence tttcozw6 6gl 4s7hdo4)hat can be used to support the theory of4ol7s46g 6ttz)och d w evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natu vd0mvygycivx 0r 18()ral selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true t javlw2qu*b(x6dqjj(s xn5 3(pi,7gof punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the 4 hgool7 g2+mg7phx3b xii3;h relationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type ogm 3go7h x 4x23blih 7;ipgh+of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could l(pac6 gx9. itbbs mr,mj)o b+8ead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discus;n pq+xd 8 ge-4ih-jm)q. hxypsing industrial melanisgh yd4p . xxq-neq);jm8+ip- hm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidenscvkb1,nu u., s )eu.a8j(v7 daew bq4ce for evolution?

  In a population of fincj +;td9qj t:h jz77s0o nikth6hes, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency 6th jd+js9oqi:hnjt7z 0;7tk of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible c ev8 2bzo7sisqdyv50.auses of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of sele5a(dipd5aq:(p 5 qa(eocv5uc ctive breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effecyx.- ,h a1xkebt of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were xb y,1kax-e.h taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominantc. mnpte1yrx .wo1v5 . manner. The graph sho5p1xn. o wr..tecm1vyws the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta axoiu++2 x 2d7cq4me jtfricana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection2e+4uo+j2 q7i xtmdxc explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar;l ---waib pcz and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this abp-l- ciwa-; zn example of?

  Which of the following statements best desck-z6yvb-) m,ip8 x44u muoubl/el.ohribes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shti0v5 9kggng+me9m 3cown below, which one is likely to be analogo95vg kngg9e0mi+cm t 3us?

  Which are examples of directional selection wmz;c/e9by 3k?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selec p9p:mhi4 e3mytion?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Whi1nyo/m:r9f fehhn 9jxd/m8/wch characteristic of the leaf is an example of a ush9f 1/:h y/m9fmndo x 8n/ejwreful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sz3u)2rp89vczq 9j8 k+nkk jhhucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivo7ve,b 6rz:erh0mfe , zres may develop into a population of plants that sez, zr,: mbh0e ef6rv7ecrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evoluph: erz9,w7hfp5:j i *ytn6 pition of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) tn tz5:*p7j yer6fphphi9,i: w o modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in b-)r ) t ;9d emwpxq-g67toxpgvariation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches wh e :3b9jnahx13 6gnk-a1otlxvich share a common ancestor andg19n:3 o-h en 1x xba3jt6klva are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an /unqp *:hk ;oghu :xb(example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natf:0uub-7wk njt9yj (yural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term useo/ 4;m), + .qzc80rcdjn8o1w g vzl z*raxxjxad to describe adaptations. Which of the following;xoz+ z 18 jxagl*rdz.vr,4x j0wc)cnq/om 8a best describes the term evolutionary fitness?