What is the correct d77 u*7gpb7 z4ilae*iuih;lwiefinition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency withit:n6 s4p0 9vjikz a dwmxj93fy *jg6*wn a population?

  Which of the following sm1 * kfdbmf*c/s2kvq2 w 72vqidentifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selectivebkv/m s2*1 qf2kqfmcs d2v7w* breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees 6gt t;o4l6 lbfthat the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered mob4togl6t lf ;6th population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the thedor +/0enxd7l ory of evolut o0xn7d/dlr+eion?

  Which statement(s) about natur7*/kv hn8hx+n1ktj h/6qi xwaal selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibriumazl4,yj3p e z3?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai gira c+9 l9;q;pytthpdsci8o 74;cf p x(hyffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the a h 9dcf7qspoy;9iht t8;p(p+x c 4cy;lverage lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of a4ef 4:mv trtgd1nr:- 0t1zu jyntibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often usedod 4:s,krjxdmz /o/2 b as an example when discussing industrial me,2d/md4: boxrosjk /zlanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolu)ov3jm8ikkk2fpq(6:6 e.l ep;ktd w gtion?

  In a population of finches, the frequency8b:i l d ck/v +t9sq.3f:gpdm/ lci/ts of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of k.c:vmgsq:i/ s/+icdpl9 fb/d3t8t lfinches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes t bcakkpfwfc 52g ;ytu/ fa*7,j-oxj/(o a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breeding? l/eqra5r7sb:b, v (fq
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antib:yxc *,ny- s2k*.ub zrxi2crg iotics can be investigated.bir cx-sr c2x,nu g.y2zk*y:* A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait thw::hm t4ye6i vat is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affem:6h4wevt i: ycted (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodo :cj -+,wycx .v.nznecnta africana) bornnc.cnyj+ewv:, -xz .c without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand b7mx thj*gq akd9-dfej f(3 s5)ar and dark coloured o7f-jxdqefhsj( gm3)k*dt a9 5ysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best k:hwher15+px describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each foreliq+vv*u7pxs 3(s2dagemb shown below, which one is likely to be an (uvgss3v2qxpa*+de7alogous?

  Which are examples of directional7 k- df+y(5dbav.fi:obm:h f m selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example o/ji ahh a,y9y pz2,p-yf natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainfore2v+bprm;o4 t*t* n9u b+ju qmlxgb1/usts. Which characteristic of the leaf is an exa/bb2vjb gq+*m;p1rm uou *4+lutn9xtmple of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is b.;:8gekvi4 au +8g 7tyqsjugoest adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbiur)j (.m+w rlfd m0z;w,o y:dkvores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change ojrmf(modr) dz;w0yl k: wu.+,ccur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in thqw5al8 tppo2p1i2yqzm3gx(k+ r t06pgx v 0d4e forefoot of horses from tr364iatp1gt8(0zq wd yo 02x 5km xpqp+2gp lvhe oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vaw,+9k zd eve(ariation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximejmg5ops6 jyb+ f 6:-jately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Fous56:jgjj+ bf oy6m p-er of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an examplebbzt8:2eskc32d,br6 h0gme 3oco5 w a of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selectio-n6no4v a9f thz9-o r:vw zl6jn.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of tu *l -)m304t4c+9mftg zhoup+jtzpg q he following best dg) qg t0pfzhuc4 o43p ul+9-*+ zmttmjescribes the term evolutionary fitness?