What is the correct rd3a:u ys-ix3 b9a 7 asaebeqt1n/ ttkz* i996definition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency wi,.l (9krvvs8 jw: kl)ekunau5thin a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarityz y(0rlm 8i.fcn9+q el and difference between natural selection and s.0zly 9+iemflq8(nr celective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth)o4o7sb k gi7y (Biston betularia) lives on will b7bko gioy74s) ecome darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of 95rij7;a(g g ouek(ewevidence that can be used to support the theory of ee eo7w(59 gkg u;j(airvolution?

  Which statement(s) about naturb5z/f3/4szut/60gd uhmbq t tal selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true o;3t34vr vq*m, vulw/vgggvg7 f punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationshi 10oa1h) v(kzlo:u *aq0b sjzjp between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown bszulz( h1b o 0j:1qajaok v)0*y the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the l h6 w nkwv4kp83 qfbwv,*. g7jla;x1ddevelopment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often 6wjoskm7tabxma2lyyo iv40 24m /e sf97b.a/used as an example when discussing iyimx 7bmm/t67ly42k aae./4f v0obosjs aw29ndustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evide bah+hsfja8+rp dz(:ag,vn7 0nce for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches withmmj: 0e7vfuw6w+o9ts large beaks has increasmm w w0vtu+9f eo7j6s:ed relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes oq7y pa v4,q.udvvd)e) f changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of s1: d6k gz3mmp y4eln3-9nkn5h(ll dkgelective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growingfit 20c/ hnjt8 bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to testfi8nt0j t /h2c the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant96s,d: kv atcz manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homcv zs ,kad69t:ozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the numut0xa )4 5ndyrber of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural sel5tn yx)4ad0ur ection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into4 hu.n6 b ,o:uf 3y0bem,jxthx rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection .t:, mh0x,buh4bo6nex yj uf 3is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements swd n2/rf48j nqge6+ot9zq8ko)j, qzbest describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown belowkars 9-3yd9j2 skc4+ bp,nhjs7 9sw yy, which one is likely to be analogouyy csd y 7nk 2rj9pksab4+h,399sw- sjs?

  Which are examples of directional mo )3mtuou 6tka4y.5yselection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural sex-adwn(;7i/5nmgbn o- av0nelection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near t)ilj,chnw0stcch 3t x9 0pn9* 3rooo) he ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf 3tx0 3npos,lc*r9howi9c jhc)n o )0tis an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar fl*4w p c ,kdt.k08vgsup20gpyrom flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a popu +shnv h/lv +.vg64urjlation of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivh+ +/ rvunshj4glv. 6vores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the lnp;r5o. ,vg uczv5y )forefoot of horses from truocznl ,5)g5 v. ;ypvhe oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vari7hg6s2* /q.sc jzi+htlv.dy c ation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches sn f5d epi+gvr, w(4/dwhich share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagn,5dr fev+gd(i wp/s4os islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciation?:4q0ua6(nlh o* cz qae

1.Describe how mutations can result in natuy7xf:ayh;cs( ral selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a te2ik91 j1 ao)xe*zksnm(a7sk tw p;6q arm used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describeo1pw;aa9j k*)k61s i(znqx7t 2aek sms the term evolutionary fitness?