What is the correct definition of a gene poot/0.jb f63-vh.+fvqs t qljqbl?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a polba8 g /trj35xvvwmvqp 22x hk8*(yx,2h7urjpulation?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and differencrdcfl* t(jo,8g3hw bccg7: xc0s3 8q de between natural selection and selective breedingd(df lhs*w,cq7jc 3 38tg:0g rxcb8co ?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the n12au yqkyrs; wdv k5,2,l:ey8 t3frmpeppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the pepperedytu;r swk fyya,5 rqn2 ,ml1e8d:23k v moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theoryir7vz3bs u9 cxn*xv*( of*i*s7 cxr nzvx93(vu b evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural select2u7 bpjj9 xv8hion is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of q bc0ag 1p3u/bpunctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck lk3 pj.iqbiz83 ength of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of kz j8piiqb3.3 selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antit otsnzb(* i94biotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betular0hi(0 ac(znecia) is often used as an example when discussing indusa (iczh(0n c0etrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide ezpj h0 opw5xb. +,axk p3;p;ysvidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finch3 hzbl,vh1wol2bj+ 7* h:k r)wj4u xhyes with large beaks has increased relatihjwh,+zhblj1y2 kw4r buo3: h*x )vl7ve to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible caus7mo sf27w5 kmxes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breedi hm,s3u*cujb jea33 .zng?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how ths/po hxp n ,l38czfz;f66 l js30,mznue effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria f l ,n uc6pszm83/; nfpj60,zxlh3ozsfrom a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inheritev:o:otj xo,3 :jdq:s) p 2hygwd in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous : x,wspqv:y:: jo djth )og23oaffected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta afrio)4( gn5uhswse 1 k5ssswqm ic)gzf 7b39 q0-scana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural select0umkq1 es)s3ssb(gzhfg5 iw) css-4 q5wn97oion explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand q+i *xgi asw 4v so80w-aq9n3ybar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest pars4vwgqn9i- a0sx*+ 8ya wiq3ots of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following+ h-oj8zpubfw0 4w jo8 statements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, w;ajm uw fy)/mi6m /el)hich one is likely to be analf/mw uey6)i/amm ) lj;ogous?

  Which are examples of directi::qywe * -d7s zoq7useonal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example o*3(ktm8 rlw i1ny d7azf natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants aeen w9f mxzo7g-(:fl. re often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of w9 onmz .fg(el:efx-7 the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking neclv;8a+c9 u 5qjs lpcyrf8;3uz tar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into i2q*sgl,e rou8 5n,zda population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could thilqg2 8rzido*s, eun, 5s change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of , yjs6ltmo.ty 8)heg ua,d.scsw- 5f(horses from thjhw (,aymg.dut)ceos f- .l5 sy 8,6tse oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variatig+;o l,m5z:uxa. b wmson?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 fjhub1 - my1c)y zffr.9inches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finb 9j1- cfyf)rz1h .yumches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciation?rd4;ttujs8a 5ev, xfy/mp 6365jfgch

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selectikwcw hw,: h+ 3f) k:rp9x/1tczdy0bmd7m x 8edon.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to descri ydtx .;hl3r*ck/vh5qrv 7fdhjo e((;be adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutiycvo7h dl.;qd; e( hkf3 5(xh/rv*rtjonary fitness?