What is the correct definitio8jv-l rf/j 1olxblppp/ zb1;hpr7j *6 n of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause chanshm rp*,4mdqyzx l oj 5h9k52q)tlq ,2ges to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identi2l bc,b o:erj3eid8 7cfies a similarity and difference between natural selecti:2dic83roelb7eb , cj on and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betulari9b* .,e+*v cxuoqjwagfbi95 wa) livjbe*giuw 59xowc9vq a* f.b+,es on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theookc 0 fmh6s1gb60lcn 6ry of e6 0glc mo6ks01bcnhf 6volution?

  Which statement(s) aboyih c/4i s6sq gctu0uysm - m+5q4f7d7a(dr/ but natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuatedw9-z8b, / g1bzvte oh3lmj,eml.c*ss equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai gir bo7tgezh9 ek*lcg0l.q-n /f4affes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What typlfge g-hql9.bzc*/on e7 4tk0e of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibio3u g mafr0/i+ftic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example w(ln5id unbmp4ck ae0-z.f: ;when discussing indusbf4-eu:0ka lzm ;ndic(5 w.pntrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evrh,0c gfdwz+ ;9n8hiz idence for evolution?

  In a population of finches,89rum)y qpsv,u3 eif( the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What coulue , pm(usvr9q8if)3yd have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene pool. v o *9rh54avi bj3yb*t

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are eql+b+zst 7 c/gxample(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different anti cc4:3temm-babiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 datemc: m4-3cbays.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. kim*xwjrjd/ e1/1 c4xThe graph shows the proporjjxi1k w4//1c dm rex*tions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africar+e0ze64))ok;)c n9pyx cyyjw)wp tvna) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Pa)n;)pxy6vy)c0 ece +o j ptkr4w) z9wyrk. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in +x(dknu8kxx: 8doftrx 3p4q47 fe0j q the sand bar and dark coloure rx4q0n pjok7d8ukxtdxf e4f: q +(x38d oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements besc39ua sf baq5)t describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each mc 2w)xi;vhsw3nyk:+g1wj( cforelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analo;cgm:w hswkyv j32w+i)xc1n ( gous?

  Which are examples of directi.t ms6+ml *u8q7p3yy r-rik4y) qm bpqonal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exampp 2+2 6cuf-jsd)ix amh-:hrzh le of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often fw ;ar q1i clr;x*m,1epound near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a usefmrp ;wax*ecli,qr 1;1 ul adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from flowersnvr8;yd hj.;j u4p +jr?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may 3:bif6z7f i mx+lezobn4i*d :develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this iz7lbo:fz iixme* n3+f:6 db4change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of feaq*r+we24k x )lwg-bt1 (juyq jtures in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a)rx2qw +- 41tujqkjb) eylw(g * to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in varih 8ujqk,t0dq() mg;euation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches whichtaum33o- tv, a share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. utomv 3taa3-, Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the followiez v z,6gn0dwyem,u3 1gi)tm*ng is not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natura 6cq)bv gv 8hzqwb4)*jl selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a tettj xnvf +1 r+mw:bx;+rm used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evol x+mbr1+vt: tf;nx+wjutionary fitness?