What is the correct definition dr :+1*nwcm6b.qz/ow9 cltkeof a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele freqpnx zjx i)9m-:qj-*y d m /hot+uj6h-i4t2v oruency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity an55zgj.:1x:s r casr gep73rz kd difference between natural selg1.5zrcrx k5:p3aes: gsjr7zection and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia)f:e 2ohwbnp +1 lives on will become darker. What effece:n+21bofh p wt will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support th1 rzgxe6jetd4. u-lg :e theory orx j z1ul6ed.4gg-: etf evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true::+f*ztm c vdn?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equi ,zj f5:lhw yxgt/u.t)librium?

  The graph shows the relationship betweengc-dglg.z e.vy v 1.0r the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the aver.dg.l z-v01g gveycr .age lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resistaectl*5v/f9jfmd. cc -nce?

  The peppered moth (B/emt, 9fvj/hsanwk0xo. q9 o9 iston betularia) is often used as an example when discussing industs hjt nowvea.q0kfm /x 9/99,orial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for t cea1tjzq-jp md-7zqb,t ;5 1gj b+7uevolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has incruq1mnfi 4 a2u:eased relative to the frequency of finches :u4qf um2in 1awith small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possiblephry 3ypl/*5 e causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective (9( a:j8eh*sfjqbwg(n 2 6 azlw,xeanbreeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacter ok kblc75)(geia with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of bg)el(k kc 7o5antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant man0e nc9kv3s7mqcd/ t7oner. The graph shows the proportions of people who aremn k/0oc3q7ed t97csv homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Africaumb x:51m d rd(ect8+an elephants (Loxodonta africana) born 1embt c(au +85dr:dx mwithout tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand cotuc:/6lql3m 7, nwgyr+mc6s zloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocn7:,yg3wm c6ctl u6 l s+/mzqrean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an an 1rbb - ajokvub5ak:-;alogous structure?

  Based on the structure of eaqlk:poa8y (m; ch forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be anq;(: lpo8may kalogous?

  Which are examples of directional sel uumhchl;/ k09bp6ws4.yx-a rection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selectrg uq79kle nc6*b3r1cl6iej *ion?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Whq2/sdm*tw ,umf4tegjv(c.mf qk2 ;/mich characteristic of the leaf is an example of a usk2,s;e(/t.vmt mwgm4f 2dm q ju*c/ qfeful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted foryvs j)f)71rej.yz0hu sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with nbs3i oij 5lpm g 30zlt(81 u46rijf:xko resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could thij0mi4z536l1ro ug jbi8psxi tf(l k:3s change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot om/p1f4c w l0gm,t)qbef horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern wp mt flqe/b,1gm)04c day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vs9,kvm r rl-3wt-ioi*ariation?

Darwin’s finches are a 53o)y v wjf-f58dhxgcgroup of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Focf3dv g 85f-5wj xy)ohur of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speci7pqk q9 moqxmisi/c6k d7x21)ation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural sel49nb (3gd zmqvection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptati:rh -wp da3be:ons. Which of the following best describes the term e b3a-pr:d :ewhvolutionary fitness?