What is the correct definition40jrkhv;pk nlf-g r)e+ph c+9 of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele fr 7bx+otoojk9:equency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a si6r3q2 zovfel/0 z yj4dmilarity and difference between natural selection and selective breedi/d qo0 vfze4ljy26 z3rng?

  As pollution levels rise, /lvgpy5rar 9:rmmf l: e9t6 1pthe trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered ppmvg:ym 9 f65arte:r9lrl1 /moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theorio*uwf) w30pui)m d)tzy4ix4u2 -q xv y of evolutumii p-xvqu)iu0t 3 ofw*xwz)2y )d44ion?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are tru,r8e:ov duiw 1e?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true o3ljvdwse ;0l6 7da;r wf punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai gin6im8b3 iypt.dbw w38 raffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is sho8m 38b wy3ibw6n.diptwn by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of +p6wrr*b x:yhjy.m.(ifn ( pd antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when0xip 4 6( stutmtnqv82 discussing industrip6u8q2 i0t nm4vs tx(tal melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutixj . non15y*3vo mvvs5on?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increa,6lez;g;y ilhu2 .af nsed relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What coy nz,g2fl;a;e i h.6ululd have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changzu0yxt77-b3q j n 1qbixl .aw7es to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of c+,iu5ovj 91wgcrk:-2 r;4 oth trljg selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect m xm+ -q 9t*bf,njq0oyof growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, ft0n*q,mjqm +y 9fbox -or 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant oklbt *,5r 8)v0syt6bf ddln8manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who tfsll0t )*8 dd bk8n65yvob ,rare homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Af3k+pdyq igh/(:opoq *va l;f *rican elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natuo *yk*vapq;l : ipo(q/ f+dg3hral selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, op k.b czeu(rae5pd228elv+ )sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark ur5vzek+ocbel2( 8. )2dpa pe coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structur1cvogo)m put (w:ieh,5e x2- qe?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown be7( np hqz4csp3low, which one is likely to be analogous? 4 ppzq ns7c(h3

  Which are examples of direction,f cy9ryj x6v2al selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example r zrs)s+,;f cnof natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropl1by9sk-z2+ . tvqbw pical rainforests. Whic9ps1.l-+ qvky z2tbwb h characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from flo wd5za,6q;dtuwers?

  A population of plants .io p5bf87uayhy s9-w with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this chano7 y8bshf5p9 u.wy-ai ge occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the foref3gvd sj3ccbu(em(ek 2 ),o*hr oot of horses from the oldestrh3(2ub ,m)js gvedoc3c(*e k ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in x 5q s i,e/hsd: y-2hhcnl(uh*variation?

Darwin’s finches are azeow. .c+dl 9e group of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestorcle +eo 9.wd.z and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is no n;mpm)a,d /kig5f*r yt an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can rz1( a8nzxzl b(esult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptatioe 194i d8myzouns. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary fitnoi4 zd1u9y 8emess?