What is the correct definition ofj+u20 +c2cnwy *ts +jmfqoq;cy fi+ )m a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele freb; n9s*i+l3box0 drye quency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference be7x4ytkd(k i9 x sbnp:/tween natural selection and selective brixxk9/ sk:d ntpb y4(7eeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston bedp9gbvi1zs qw-:.mog/r3y) atularia) lives on will become d/ yp: i-w.gdm 93gq)1zabvsroarker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists e8 5hv:be lj2p jnq3(bfxamples of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evoluti( p8q j2n fv5hjbl:eb3on?

  Which statement(s) abou3.qlmud1x am1bl;:. x2e srzbdv 1crl xc)(4ot natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true ofim1f2qas*:jh punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adn.leu+;7xj pub 9r0 erlvzs0nrv4s5t5 sh94z ult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifes+ s4n7b 49v 5z0rexj e0uslzr 9.nurlsvht5 p;pan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibaq6 scew7 / le;6yv2z9hmlbq0iotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often us02r/*p js,;u cqndwgw k(*wzyed as an example when discussing industrial me2jdk;*prwnws / q,g zu*cw (y0lanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide eviddl3)te.hr+r6 wer is5 ence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the xzrqy p.cfbgyy3(02x8g9t b/ frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaksp0qy8zy fxgt/9x(. bbr3yc 2 g. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to ahlf 38rpog 4.p jtl/: /b27nfhorxofx wb* m-7 gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) o vbiib/+4qolsp,(qx8p.z r 8qf selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria wubrwnxl y- ; ht:f9 -nsa1+h 0/vtt 69uy+bffuith different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from 9tu9 ;uxf- bw -s ynaulh0tf+b6:f +1t hvr/nya hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia d n)r .zyh+pl6is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homo6p)z .+ nrdhlyzygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of fky jtb mjbv; dz6w0010emale African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend show1j0wbtz6bd0 ;k0ymjv n in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sjtgi o(m3vp bx:y82y1and coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean3 mpx1yij 8o(v gty:b2. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structure3yaq3k.o; trg?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb show-6 lh .nbqv2qz(qs+h wn below, which one is likely to be analogous.qbsv-n( qh6whq+2l z?

  Which are examples of directional selectiouutr1c9sl g,c4, kw)q,g9 dc mn?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of gt0s.9nl-lhgp i3z:o natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are o i jv22f-rsjc5ften found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful advrsfj i 5j22-captation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from flof3h8a x dw+;pg+ vo-jeit (f9rwers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores ma oi238x ;zdwxfix m,1yy develop into a population of plants thatxf2x8xwoidz1 3 ,;mi y secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horke+ t gsco6*iiy uvt.jx *,/n3ses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modernox u6/,i3sycegjv *i nt.+*tk day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vah/xeq6 l**tlot1wht4 riation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximate7;(m-wlv ypc ely 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are s( mv-y;p welc7hown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the followin c/su77vxone 4g is not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in nzmerd3 e9sa2 yu)il *2bh.z+fatural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptatiaze,j0( u; ko1a9argfons. Which of the following best describes the term evolut1za0ao uk g ,eja;9r(fionary fitness?