What is the correct definition of a gene pgd s 2k/8xwgf3e e3t.*bmj vbg 9.5iirool?

  Which would not cause changes to the ai dnli.+ o9izkp2nd7 0llele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a simity( .keps.m.d 9m.eselarity and difference between natural selection . (ym.9ek.psse.ed mtand selective breeding?

  As pollution levels riseoz381gn )6) hprvxm8ok)itkm, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darko)m 8tgm31k h)on8)ivpz6x k rer. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theqcrnt2f26ya 9 k-yt*ism5tu x 9ex t/0ory of cy*e qtn0fx tsa/9yt2k-9i2xum56r tevolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selexc4 tow)3k+ti ction is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibrif; pw2coo2 ud2um?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult ljdq8 qu.u 0x 80pvm7fneck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by tlfq.u0x87 muqjp d80vhe graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of ant x1/7g gmujxc 7n c0sbiqn/+-qibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Bq2j g7 dgq+ke5iston betularia) is often used as an example when discussing industrial mela gqd kj7e+52qgnism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence fotx3q/ix/u ed+4cg.msr evolution?

  In a population of finches,.3m6iitxm .+ xam8azuzw3- dvsnh8z/ the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches withmz8.v8xwa-3mnxa 6dimu i .sz/tz+ h3 small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a ge7ltogifwhl 6* d1n+5qsp-ole:ky h20ne pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breeding?5teay :vv)s268w znc ozku-u5
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing fxua jt*:7c( ebacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacter:xcu 7jaetf( *ia from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trzw7t* ; df .pv)lui;t5px rao2ait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affect*r ifa;tpt2vxw 5 dp7z.o;) uled (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta afric*zjrs -6qh*j n*m -ovhana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection e-j-* *ohs*h6 zmnqvrj xplain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand colox( o 8sm,mkel3ured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into s mm8e(o,k3l xthe deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structg*+c yx.vf;*hcfu( jpure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shownk*2no;zrx60 ktvj9lz kh6m;t below, which one is likely to be analogous;mjk 2kn 9;6or zx*hv6t0ktl z?

  Which are examples of directional sel:q ,ijf:kqi +eection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selehgwswxg) j ;ub1).7uc ction?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Whiw ; x/kyiju4 :7du( psjf,6aw v1va:xwch characteristic of the leaf is an example of a: jdw,ixvv / xskaau 1:fj64;w(7ypuw useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sun 3s4ps x9e5omcking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores m wc+0ttsu8nq-vl+6w q 6 ok6kzay develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change-8t6 wqq 0ov6+ +ltnwukkzc 6s occur?

The diagram represents the evolution obf x2311 eorl 6zdxs.ajag 70wf features in the forefoot of horses from the ol1 o0slz 63xbfdgera x12jaw.7dest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result (;a4zq uhmmunrq s284 in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximac43gst61+u hl 8pzyo)+ kpsxltely 18 finches which share a common ancestols3gs1pp8l )+ck +z4 hxyo6utr and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following isimt; yx3zhax 0vcn8)a -j9t8o not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations cl 7wvt)i:2exz an result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness mma*4sv , 8szf ir+g6qis a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary fitnes4a+g*r m8zf sqi 6,vmss?