What is the correct ef.-:7 c n/-ue fuwbumdefinition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a )/vq xvmpwbz0p+)c e / e-sdg/population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and ez e+r x(r/nyzc hp.c4nf0 ;w.difference between natural sele.h0+ex.ync / ;cfez pzwr(4nr ction and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lvckda+g ;ujcbxn:8p(se4,hy(; ny 2cives on will become darker. What effect will this have on t gen( kj8c( :bnvp; ayd+2,y;cxsuh c4he peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be ih t-yel;j 8w;92vw m;sj3t xsused to support the theory of evoi ;thtjy x8;es ;-2wvw9s j3lmlution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/art4j xdzvwu1 -4e true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of puncz;ie.gi b1+ sctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the ay u5hcqhj0b 6wem ;4:mdult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph um hqm6y05;cb:w4hje?

  Which of the following could lead to the development o(ef;s4j pfdn5/ht h +:s:mk lhf antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an ern8548 *kzuz- actx spxample when discussing industrial mel8 satu*5zx cpr 8z4nk-anism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evid( yl8sla;;8jo ; avre0ujha4n ence for evolution?

  In a population of finczmd ,u4n8ahq+ js/e1 yhd+d8rhes, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the fre q4 j+81,8aheds+dm/ zu ynrdhquency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a g/ i) 2btp;oukv.6r.hk4maa xd /vb1q *0e zupgene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are exa3 / j zsmzw,)6pm2kmhemple(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of gr cx4b)k,caeynp3a.b 2owing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance bp x b3.ake, 4cc)y2nathat bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inheri05w.bjfcqcxcl9q 98 nted in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homqw 0b.cl8 fcjqx95n c9ozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Africanlm ;pu8- ljyc.dc2: gd elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How docg mjlupdy8: c; .ld2-es natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand colouret )7/qtgnlcpt( d.2grd oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest pqgtdp.t72 t gl) c(r/narts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes wieef76;cgcbvo:rv *c .l((d an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb show(miorq-4e xp7(f9hins74cj dn below, which one is likely to be analr4 7-po(q cj9dhfs4n(e i m7xiogous?

  Which are examples of direwce*n;0oo73 ajrkwn9 2bcqx/ ctional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example bz.cre :fduhvt0m. x77)k te*of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are oftendakc qm co5l87k9/ 0-v o)cnxv found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a usefco0on)c-k/5vk qvxc 7d98l ma ul adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar b8xcd 5y q)q2awx+m n/from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores mayjev j2kuaytp9tn7*30 develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound t*u9av3t7nj j 2tyk0epoxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of feature 0vp gqa qj-q pk*il)z q7i*lv9w/43zhs in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e)lqi) pq9i qh*4w*pkz-v7aj3g /0v lqz.

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vari jf9sv3n. (hss)i( )arjiobq,ation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a coc,xij 7u:8 cbrh +hxoxda7210ww4ifpmmon ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islpa1 hxxw4c j,i7r+:cob d2whfu x80i7ands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speci9z-ctidj ; idra)4 zfyd1u3swy. 6 o1mation?

1.Describe how mutatio+ h)very9 k.w oyy5(swns can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to desc/hb2m yg d2(9 hsyr u7;yl7urvribe adaptations. Which of the following best descrby7y2yv9lrsh 2; ( muu/7g dhribes the term evolutionary fitness?