What is the correct definition of a gene-fmw)k/e+mt h pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequk*6yw zb0q ey7ency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity a;bbkopo 4dlytdpgj80u0269pnd difference between natural selection an tdok2j y94o8b;0pbpd p 60lugd selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppb4+pcs9cimkcn v, q cyg-7,l/ered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered mk/c4,bc79q g v ,-sy +inlpccmoth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theo t1y,v7q5znfnry of evolutv5 q,z7 fy1nntion?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection isxwz(sw-8wor;a v 9s1zhx1qx -/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibriu:vy. ;vsq/axve +xg;atq jek:; n4+ntm?

  The graph shows the relationship n(ct( k(p*,g.iz eqygbetween the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shownng(( (z,.ygep tki q*c by the graph?

  Which of the following could leadf 4iflmxq)gr-e6 h:,z to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often t. ,4jkwxu,gqp y9:kl used as an example when discussing industrial melakytupx:l. wj 9 kq4,,gnism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for w18,aqjp6p gmm /ozb7evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks x xzs6v3u/y.vhas increased relative z x/sxu.vy36vto the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changur)can2 z b6me:ml ubp91 -i+qes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the followi,;(sousxj0+n-om7f f tn y 1qdng is/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of grow:q-sul vh2 zbui .zf5;ing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone u -2us bvzq .l5i:h;zfof inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The gra4brjn2h7bt k5sm7+zra 3y 1gdph shogr2bj7dt7 y+z1 5 sark34h bnmws the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta/., exl1.pmtgpp2ddg africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa2pmdgtlppx .dg/,1. e National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured on;y4j1 sr9r m7uehzge /sh*/oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parm ;rr ys/hg/ *j7 hou14eezs9nts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following stag3r rvkszn- z4 at5./stements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb sho0lqzppc9s72tn 9 mf j;wn below, which one is likely to be asp lqn9t;209 fp7mcjznalogous?

  Which are examples of directional sbw;2.2goy f4o mpy.st 2ccw6ufr;qt bf9cz3)election?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an examp .qf5i4:viad gtzi1;kle of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground inj/8vf* j j4uu5ndoe q)o+ o)fii)n*sx tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leq/jijuv)so*u o8 ifnjd45)+ enf* )oxaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted fozvzjsvd f ,h8at3+ 3k3r sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a sdgyw7-4jni )population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this changw-gd ji y)7sn4e occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the o uqvfl/ld hqj6dpv . 9yt 0+*75bxe)gforefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horslp5l0q dx+d9 e ygqvf6/b.uo*vj7ht)es (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resultig -, bhmzf-x+n n-9bl in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of az6m p.qqz 02uqpproximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islandspmq.02qq6uzz . Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an ex2w i atjy pny.ueefj qm8xkt85 3l48u2;lo;5rample of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result i+h j xqo;m0i2in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness isy*k+bvnon x 9/ a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutn*9+ykonxb/ vionary fitness?