What is the correct definitiry7i n lodlun/ x.y7m1;dj.;06rkj dr j0fwn5on of a gene pool?

  Which would not causl m6n)yy0 xsq-e changes to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between natural sb6x d;iwwo62/m pu au:election and selective breediud/p;:6oui xwa 6w mb2ng?

  As pollution levels rise, the trg w5b1 .g m+njral+1k 1g3fnfckx- fbkm05 js9ees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will bex fs c g5- g+5k3jkbmnwf1ra m09kgj11l b.n+fcome darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to suppo g2*c-ce+o2fevqx n*drt the theory o c*+ e2dfvcnqg*x-e2 of evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are tr oe7w;qx b8xxq-z o0)xue?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is tip,m a*ip1,kwm7-zxt 34jyabei-g0 e rue of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the rpjehpwtvt 36 c1*h3x7qr1 0 t0vqd 7bbelationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What tye 1 0*r7bb tphx6djqqtt17v 3vwc03phpe of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could leznsd jag3. lls7/sq/ 4ad to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discuss7pu -n )ehgubccx2d*o2 sikk6 cu,/9zing industucc k/b)xng7epus icd kh2,o-* z26u9rial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide e2gvs8nj 1)ywj vidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequrky hg1 38+jsnency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a c r+g1k8yjnsh 3ause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a g,4t931upne pii:6erf if hq* xene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the followiu 8w;amb*fupoc* p;z g /)hb5d 4lun(nng is/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria wi/0xpe -xzg( eich+p6u,ipk 5a th different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken everkpec50i gezxha+ix-,up( 6p /y 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codomqn o8y.;l1pzvinant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozno8 l1. yvpq;zygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxo4iy1 2oq+it(ofs b0+lo(twl tdonta africana) born without tusks in Gorsot obt if(t1 qoy+20 4+(willongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloureufc9w;9 (fhyogsoo/. d oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of sele;9.oc /ou9fgoy hw(s fction is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structur:rs2d9nw(bnx*t : lr.pu vui. e?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to bil .fjmkg3 zjc+mb fm3gk)6 8ken8.4 we analogous? n c.6+gk )jwei.3zgmflm bf3mk88 4kj

  Which are examples of directional sele j+x*t 1vn:cn2sj: okiction?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selete nc p5;)vf/q0n u ,x:xd+y*byhpiq ,ction?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforest7 gyf5mcp 0: ;zn.;ecu;kw+cf jsz4ezs. Which characteristic of the leaf is an ex4+ep;.wkuec zc0z:7snf fzj ;gm;5c yample of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best ada 1 )x( qzo5y.nco7 qr4yj)ifwhpted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to hyuk n5q1w3wj4ur)b)yn7:+ g db/hjajerbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to 7)jqbhj) bgr w3yw ua5 u:nkn4d/ y+j1herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefootaa q7:hkfix) a)xzj* , of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modeaxif, *z))hkx qj:a7arn day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result bzpnr90e+1gg in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a grv6rsg stscrpf / */0o/oup of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four /rs ctgvs*0o6rp/f/ s of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of sp: r0j.*rq.d ned xo1m)z36/kgo o qzvheciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selection. qh /jtlr-suxx( fe dl;:bn 3s4qu. j06

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describ42pe/m,zwbnob f .7hrbvi *a *e adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolut ba i.v/eh,mfr*74 o*b bwpz2nionary fitness?