What is the correct definition of a gene pood;pwtca 72 :t;fbabd av)d3 e+l?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a ( b16c y h8vz)namhpoglr2r2)population?

  Which of the followinzfhq)f425t d sg identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selectiv5f2s4 zh df)qte breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that jq4 ppyf/c2::h uo+js the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers? y:hou p4fs/2 qj+p:jc

  Which option lists examp:qrw 0 562luny gm5/bgzz a8ctles of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evolution?0/qnglgz 2 a cu:55rtm8b6 zwy

  Which statement(s) about natural selection vvk -i8d cgn5b3jo,qzdm qug,9m(2m ( is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is td,,kolubfo d:v q z8+)rue of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffe 3 wl,fxb*p)c+lwv;wrs (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type +wwf,vlxl) *pb3c ;wrof selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the devel6wr4aq*x5jk3o yi:yq8o c7fvopment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example ao* :go2ls/ cb, ptwm*h7oi6 awhen discussing industrial melanisbo6/am* ow iloc t, g2ps:a*7hm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evoluti*ix1--l sn74 5, wlpdfaz6qyctfc lm9on?

  In a population of finches, the fref 0m3mf8.p3ce5b m 6el l2nqslquency of finches with large beaks has increased ps 3cqe 2ln0ml85fle6.m 3 bfmrelative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possib.r2k+4pylg) pv9yc (lzy(ala le causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breeding0;lnknbrz 04m?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bac7 t(o h9frw j9v 4dbe:wc5ze*kteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital do 7o v5j(ef9r*4 wh:9wbketczdor handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a traq *m;hvowz809y6itqt it that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph showsmvzqo6qit 0*wty9;8 h the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodontadp0hrjl jktoryjqh+,r :dr 9; f4 *7s6 africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How: f7h9jd,kr* rry rdqjhot 0js4lp;6+ does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sa/4. wzwv.idf z)gk 3vtnd bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection ztfi/.vz . 3wg)v4k dwis this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structure?4qmze32u6 a nf

  Based on the structure of each fom.jmx4 (gx 8/*h y0psg zmmwm.relimb shown below, which one is likely to be analogog0*4 m.xxhjpzm/g.mm(8m syw us?

  Which are examples of directiv :xa;,kbivp8onal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of naturalr te:vleeusy ux4k - 7g95rhf;hg;.o 1 selection?

  Broad-leaved plants ar ,p9iebq5fl r*h 00jmae often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of t,i0m0fh5a e b j*lrpq9he leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from flo. -914kvl pxvrdq d8scwers?

  A population of plants with no resist6n5k z5 eke, lloef3;hance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to he3h56llnfz keek5e o; ,rbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses frr5jt r, / ggn+1i3vyuxom the oldest ancesto 1 r/t+uijx5,3vggrynr (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result(0eg/a8cjml ( b :bqhe; juiaw+w): xt in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 1 319)qbc.findjpwy.n0el9. o ps /ujg8 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos is3sj q wp/ 1ip0.dl)g9 j9cu..ebnof ynlands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of sp1gj boru.e3q,:7hzy -q ycu ,jeciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selectsm.) g:/p ymi68cclsf ,k jy;xion.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptationdsy2 (k tq5usu0r12wns. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary kr (d102 tyu 2qunws5sfitness?