What is the correct definition of a g5dsxt4 qg,a03iu1e0 akwm nz3 ene pool?

  Which would not cause chau/v::4f ryrzdf ;nc (cnges to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following7ut )rirp 7/yg identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selective brrr7/uytgi )p7eeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the pepperj5.-esdzw3sd :pg ,lgq/z f(fed moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darkewg5zdz/( f3fglsp. j,- qds:er. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists exam6y nv0q* ru/hgples of evidence that can be used to support the theory o*nr/0 hq ug6vyf evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/sc yxux1ilr) 0+x wcat .ca01we.,(s zare true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of p/.t)oeh3 vt48h*pg vakxn )hrunctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck leng prvw qhg9c7( (e9s p7d+w:gavth of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What ty+7awvwg:c(79qd g pv h9e( psrpe of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resistanql0yg,:p-q8hb yd3 pmtwa 9z g6 dps*/ce?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example wv uk0c*9 5seldhen discussing indu5dc*l9us0 ke vstrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for e1g;qf7ra 5uz - :bg wjmu9zv-6vih q4zvolution?

  In a population of finches, th4 5hwz6b5/f)es*7khhb6izsan nzq1re frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What nnis6bz16q / hka5h*)se bwr7zf4 5 zhcould have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes tia9s + *l29(ee vfxiqao a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective * eqp4fi8n0 fhbreeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different ant8ve0 2 pwnr mt0yvvd/u *pdi)3:b y6zjibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taker 0:td e6vj i)pvd3*/n2u 8vy ybmpwz0n every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominan v8cu1wv uij:adv v,15t manner. The graph s1i8w 5ju1 cv,vvvud:a hows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephantsztrt;.s(8 lkh;a r xx) (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National (a8 z xrl.; hkts)x;rtPark. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, 1 pc0l/w9nbr2le l, e s2zszy)sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. Whats1e 0l92n y,p r2c)/zwzsllb e type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best vsbce-/: xy5ivqr+:uj 21sw t describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to berx1b,)c7k:u0 xrgwtp0y z/rs(dlj j - analogous?r-c 0 s :xyg(uxkr /dtz7prjb1),0lj w

  Which are examples of directional seleha00yfcewv 55 zb86yqction?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selection?b*x .wiy ndb//

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropic,y vy0jn4 0a l3pxvjlnk i)l2+al rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation? ln3 inyj2ll)j ,vv0px0kya4 +

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from flowem3d96 h3muyv yrs?

  A population of plants with no resa ny4brc v1 +9eiw-qg9istance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that s 9en4iqy1wg vra+ 9-bcecrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of fet ayez n 3a,9r09kbkh0atures in the forefoot of horses from the ol a ,rk0zk9bnt3heay 09dest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resojzxvu,3csygd+6 1az h1 qkphwx8t 4)1 jf) 9nult in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximatlzj n.pnb(j9y i+j o7 :v( ia9ra(a:evely 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of pi bn.ve n+ (v:azaj jyrlji9:9o7((athese finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exampleq5x r9ru /,oihi5g4m gf.tm-ts39 xmc l) qe)w of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can reskg5n s/i8zrm, ult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term p8an nnk 8e/cqw jvk2 (cs8e+;used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionark8v8w2n+ j(8kpec ann qe;/csy fitness?