What is the correct definition ofzdk*z 3a3a(xv.a pd )u a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a po,on)j qxo;* 0 :xp py*3vvbq*l8qobuh pulation?

  Which of the followinpc c71gw +2mjgg identifies a similarity and difference between natural selepmjw17 ggc 2c+ction and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston bet,v.3 9x1s ;(zbh evwlo ire 32io+mfwkularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth xo+e wv2mvkrz3w olh f1;3s9iei(b.,population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to suppify bqmh52hg vxavm2 c,l2i8 5cef. (1ort the theory of evoluf1lcvi5eg, .(hmy2 if xhmv2b 8q5 a2ction?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/at tj;j;ac-rhk xn*f 62re true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuatekik,vv t,:3u sd equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck9*x3x reidstad+ 4 b*:bm7t +jqm)cpz length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection isq+*tx+x: p m j4) bzdi3t9sdmerca*b 7 shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resista3fukx sdi0i mp4;w+z.nce?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an exampl6tmvtmt4y 8ciy61 g7w qsu n-2e when discussing industrialm7vqyn21 6 6itwt8c myg -4tsu melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence fomx1s. l9eaf n(a/ u/kbr evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequenq 8hvf01ga. l0.tswwwcu3 qm(78howa cy of finches with large beaks has increased relatilw h 0u7h g.aw. 081fcwvs3qtw aqm8o(ve to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene poolxgsfl9 )rj2eszf43v am x*h1/.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are examplerb i eq/ydn9bjc*m8q7hn:tb4 2v,( bh(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growingr; z28 c0evs.ni4g hjc bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition wer0 c4 .si8;hevc2jrgnze taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait thaef2yod0 9ock -+i+yu5 vva4dat is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affectefok25 ci9ev-od yv4 +0+adu yad (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of m:cs2e.gvco 6 female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa Nationalcv6ec m.2gs:o Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand mv :c78kwcx0fu 8 oj2fbar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an k 0 :8 cuwfjxmfv728ocexample of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an a62 u mciuwmd2fe8.cg r,+ebc4nalogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is3pd- 8 fpz7vq;3vnxs j likely to be analogousnsd8q;3x 3vj7 zfp-pv?

  Which are examples of di z.lhvu1y9f2t rectional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selawz*:+ 3 oyujaection?

  Broad-leaved plants are sp0 * ((m e0 vxw+tcao9pgw;ojuz,ni4often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an 0 jv ,nzi aoeu04*tpogw x;c m(+s(9pwexample of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted 6ohl y8. u258thrc mn zo1by)dp)gt0 wfor sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may dopjf qq:k:hs58hyq hms x3/50 evelop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How co5msjhqsy p80:: o5kf3q x q/hhuld this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolutiq. sw ng.z(e5b +yn2y5ndoo( kon of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest z oobw 5d yn(2.sy5(gk.+qenn ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in varia2yhq o, 1+iroqw3ir. 6rvox7 otion?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approxima9 mowz 2r2z2lwfldd +m +1v6ejtely 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown bel6 2+ omddlzjew2f1v mwz9 2+rlow.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following i 1 u ianqf*g putj19w4uj-.x+fs not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result lcpy9h0hg/ug(slb rq 5 9,2lpin natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. wd63uioz) s m1jum9:exx 5y8 n7 wnp*lWhich of the following best describes the term evolutionary duw nsum5)98x j7o y el1p*x3wni:mz 6fitness?