What is the correct definition of a gen.y s*5*ef* rc w aih8tb1ds)nbe pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frej v bg0sm 55,mu*)lzm-q+lntj quency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a simila2bsun*h6o t2u 8i vtb+rity and difference between natural selectouitbus v*tn82h6 b 2+ion and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the tdw tksqrwop0zht 5 j6gc-;u *5-v/uu, rees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbwowc*j - 5z,6tu-dq;spr50hgv ktuu/ers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theo8b dgrr* j1*ub.n gz2zzwu7d6-u hut4ry of evolrz *r7-ubu nu2b zt.4*d1zg 6jug8dhw ution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? yoys3d3s sm0m 2vv7v.
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilin3tl( ip8bva1brium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai 7i 6h m9u +de wc.(sah a3pjpp7zzwj-/giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the a6 s/w7zah- j(ecdih awjpp+z3u 9pm7.verage lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic ywjsp;kr7-p99ni8 xlresistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betuukf4r )r5l 3folaria) is often used as an example when discussing industrial me4 kfol uf5)3rrlanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide 3zhp a1c0oaj;cg;s i4 evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the fre(ew6y*n n 9pu:azo7oc quency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency6woe(n pz*cun o97:ay of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to 7qg1uz 7iiw h1xli qn+k jl1)2a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/min)5pcr6,s5y h ie kva7pwpi.*m (v ,are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect ofpm flj*f.3 iwaf8d4-o growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria. l4iwdo3ff*-mp 8f ja from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant mnem /zmt,,oxaz 6nf3u;f +, usanner. The graph shows the p 3emosuf nn;a6, ,,utzx+fmz/ roportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African erd-*bks b*j*o1 a ;pbwlephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selecti*pdr a*b-jo ;k1bswb*on explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand 4 5 mjk)g:d2bp:gjqdhbar and d45)jd gg:bmpdq h2k: jark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structu go4w3j4 ppg3iv-0ee6hl h7xdy ;-b wvre?

  Based on the structurelmqo 9tm(1f1.fzzksy pa- 3;j k5*m hi of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analogous? zf5mty-i(ms.19o hk;z3 k * qj1falpm

  Which are examples ofi e f d,jl5e3bqzq+h0i-c1qc; directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example ofmx mw4rho,k+ . natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tr/n6xwvf; 8 fo-iato.hopical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is a .aw8t o/hf6of;v x-nin example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar frompkii);5e +serj7ir 5q flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistancea 6k+mo g1ibug7z;m kzk5xzo1jh; 48i to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could thisou56+azzigk7h;8mo m j bz4kgx;ki1 1 change occur?

The diagram represents11 rht3aoln8yki)+mnd,. gdy xg-fg/ the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e). a. gd k13/1 n)+lyi-ro8fm,dgyxhtng

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variationjaq(h/ish q ;(?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 f 6zhwt2sthnz )oc// 5xta0fj1 inches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galaptc j /z/shh2wx1f5 at6ozn) 0tagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exam0x ekij(b p.z0ple of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can rdq uvcw)l* ltp0ke.j7 m)a y+29mfn/sesult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to deyomr0ak dd.qopx8+/ 4scribe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutipd08oqxa. /+d ry4o kmonary fitness?