What is the correct definition35dhfpha)i*burgrl5:8hr1m2i k rkr 7i7 c +j of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequ7lb8rze (x/bm ency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a simili4f0mij5)vo2g 8nbuj/q kg + earity and difference between natural selection and selective breeding?ig+ 0)2g 8oimje4 bfvu/jqkn5

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) l 8e0p r)1pyprrives on will become d8y01rp reprp)arker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theory; yx+sm:ea)t /h bn/qn of eb n s/n; a/hyme):+qxtvolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection 5.*nt:y c - knyfv.3cpmd 2rzzis/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibrium?x dlxq9f3:eu1qhu 4 q4

  The graph shows the relationship tt/ hq*alw-djm r(7)(ip wf4o between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the av t 4tow(m/*ad) wpj f7l-hqr(ierage lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibio2,ajzgr05 u/ n+fq oabtic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example whenj5i-;zeidw t * discussing industri-i d; jizw5e*tal melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergencexoj3/sx.gt f8 provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks ha)5tfho31xm2 v niq9ll s increased relative to the frequeht9qxf)io1 lm lnv2 53ncy of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causebvmlv 9;qtl6(l u1ds7 s of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selectc.d3wiod.f0zi+ghjj49p7 d eds)g ;cbo8j j -ive breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antib s/rtg0dy3cr o r43u/biotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibid gcr/s/obru 043r3yt tion were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a seqndg2pa8tiqd;l;i/s ei. e+j( 8w3codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of p3+ s8dsg( ei.eqiid2wjt8;/qn epl;a eople who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodnoy5 oa8p f4f)jfl;2 iw7ax:tonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the8 a fwfyjln7pi;:x t2o 5a)o4f trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters q7zhvq*z j7rav4g a3evtfg8j m,351 sblend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blvr*7jt8 5a,z4g3hg7 m1vqvz eq a 3fsjend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statem xcpep2m7 8ig3 ubm,(lents best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structuax4o*8h a2mb*8 ism mcre of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analoa4am mh8i8 *2ox* bsmcgous?

  Which are examples of dirkx h (/dru qvs gf0:;at5 8jeo4r ;tjgbv4,4cnectional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natura qxl) mlnzib5-1rin/ wv;hy-( l selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. /7fs tc :):erckl.xrzWhich characteristic of the leaf is an example of a usefrfzkx:rt .)sl7c/ce: ul adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar :w/riediczpi87r(d9xf 7m cm2 nv41w from flowers?

  A population of plants sd0 u)ff nam.n;4i6 j,iy5pzzwith no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this changujd5 y,fz)4ipi;n.m60saz n fe occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot o : 11k yqxwvdb2o5vw2pf horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (1vdxb:5w 1v 2po2y wqke).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resuls+ed-1dzsscm 8f x.. zt in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which shwdf 2gx-2 l/sdare a common ancestor and ar d/wlx gf2s-2de found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following isi;lvljh:,r72 g)fcd ba ifm7 .ck3.is not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result inxc gc fw-vb7h5f6)j*q natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term us2 nu0 frvo0f8hed to describe adaptations. Which of the followin8 fo2ufvr0n h0g best describes the term evolutionary fitness?