What is the correct definition of a )ros 8+kmn y d7:afy.e4qp-bvgene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a podd (aly41y*nt pulation?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between n; 86 llfsbhy)catural selection a;y l6)fshl8b cnd selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the ,. ac jy; flfy8u2ab+qtrees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on th f82 ; ,jyl+aucaqy.fbe peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to suppakiakxm91*5qg2 9tn0v0xiq y c lk0 ;wz(7mqxort the theory of evox ivnakqxkty(l9gza c20q *;0mw7mk5xi0q1 9 lution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are tr m7q:cpe65n9dz n4 eg6cw ix1jgrj:q+ ue?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punct7b a8- sozq.s8 0ifotsuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Mahlh;:7/i h. kfr .hql9d 7 cchz*m1i(pize+ gysai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is sm. y*(dizzck; hle9+i.l/7 7hh: ifhc rg qhp1hown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lej5ht 1e:e ex9ku5;olr see6 :cad to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discuss, n: pkjko c9t3s1p5gking industrps1t 5cj 9k, :pk3goknial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual div9ps2 vq 0iaex0ergence provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fincheskz. 92r07g s ,xlpq)pqkpvi2q with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small xvq)g0 2k pqrp .7ipk9q ,z2slbeaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene p39saa fiy 5w oli+8pzjn ub(m d+d5n0 d;,ixe4ool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the followinmztjf3*5wur,z c+c* tq. en4 rg is/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with differen (;*hfdic,c vzt antibiotics can be investigated. Af,vh; cd*z i(c study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manne (cenz 6zs/x/*pssdt 1r. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hcz (/6z s setd1*/spnxb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of femalen+i w9l9t5atuy3)ba jz ss46n African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graiy9s5sn ua)b j693 4t zwntl+aph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters j8-sb pll24owblend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better in4pw-lb2 8jsolto the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best descr3hzh:toz4i w9*eds 7.evm0 gpsuitxxi ;i,:3ibes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb showx;yre:)( pf vhn below, which one is likely to be analogous? y(f xve;:p r)h

  Which are examples of directional selectio d54(fqqcf66 ksbsbb*s1+ llxn?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural s c:xk/ lj3b mv+mtb0k2q--3qtd*sypvelection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests* 8wou t4fgn7aenql -jc*y i+/. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a jq *ci fw87lge +*ytu-o/4nanuseful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best ada lnew.410khv zpted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may devho0qvxk, wo 8d-vt byvi--/7lelop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How c-t,8v0 v dvxiool-wbyhk7/ q-ould this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot f;n uprg7 +tb7of horses from t;gp7nfbr+u t7 he oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vata mh+n p;h/l(riation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of apprra dus r,x(i(3oximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are s uiax(d,r3(r shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciatim2fhz 7 3v)s1a -tu/z71wcxowybzw*hon?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selecti*1xef7 .cogsb on.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe ad :;sv, -5jl w9k4q e;erokcjwiaptations. Which of the following best describ4v lq9owj j:skrwk;5;ie,c e-es the term evolutionary fitness?