What is the correct de9+)yb1nxr:fnht1 tfqej oi );finition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within yxx oh7r u,zk bf:g .srm3209qa population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference betw rv85a76zvxksmtc z)3een natural selection and se5r va3v)k8x6cs z7 zmtlective breeding?

  As pollution levels ris sqrxl4n/8wx8r8a 6rm e, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on8rnq8lx4 6 mxs ar/w8r the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence thallnd6iixmtsi983(hdy83i e .t can be used to support the theory oie8xi6tm.y i9s( hinll3 8d3d f evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? hav0)4 1 fy;oe 21t ej*vao(rbxv yc,n
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuata/ua14xn--x)xb e)/rq9 pzejup,hv sed equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adulti ef fl6x1sp. :z0g: ,mxsck3hi6hz j8 neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelgc, 8zh:06hz fe6s. :ipi31sfxlkjxm skirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to wvn0)9vbd00ti )7: l vmgvcybthe development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discussi:eru ;u)1koq ing industrirq1): uu;eokial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual diver-w vi44tf2 g ck1szyuk05jh3d gence provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency v2 7b/9xtqaps of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. bx97qv apts/2What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes q3/tzuq +;yhy to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breeding? ow6bjys4oy 2kx)4s n 8hru;p1
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacterzpx+o6y pnvh3* y4 -.dvi ipi(ia with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measuremev- p*4xh(v6+ iz3d.iypo pyinnts of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inh/c0 oa2z wz/pwerited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportz/paow/ 2w0z cions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Africdl4z qu sdy7zn1k + avs7*:i:ian elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend sh: 7s7ail d:n4izd u*s k+v1yzqown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, o ndedj)pm, 7 5mz/we*sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better 5mdno/ w,p7ee) zj*mdinto the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an anall0xe7ca5:fer ogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which p8blz2n3ku*et2t b8c one is likely to be anb8pbntu lz32ec*t k28alogous?

  Which are examples of directional selectio uf+y(h nvtj atmr20/b nh3++jn?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural seledfg0j,h n dot.bxtu84wj7;8 t ction?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainfovf(y a+r )9xgs ;hmy+brests. Which rhv) ygy+ max9f;(+bscharacteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectarc p3nd/l y/0xe from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a po7)pgw p)+c-)piw* qm c pc(rn(vvpc.h pulation of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this chp ccwv*phcgrc p)m)p(+ v i p)qn(.7w-ange occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefo wqagu:h /4a2 7pnir6y i/9p;faiz xm0ot of horses from the gw2ham :0/a axi;rp 6 7 pfu4iq/in9yzoldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in w zd07q7h+b 59vbfrepvariation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a commok6x3,q z uc:dmr fnx8flt2s**n anu8 ks2lm 6tqzx 3,*rcf*d:fnxcestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciat ws yyan8 f2.*)czj3wxion?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selej .vbk8c 3qis4xo3 5qyction.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptati /tx8uoh;q /sdons. Which of the following best describe xqdo8s;u th//s the term evolutionary fitness?