What is the correct definition whwx.4 s nf7ower8p*d 5nsl8( of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency witdcdfoslk6l0u 462;m shin a population?

  Which of the following identifies a si6wq e is4y(o :t lijpo5b1nxa8o;)6cid wgg:0milarity and difference between natural selectioco 0n(y eo):dg84sa5 tbgw;o6p ii qxj:iwl 61n and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularhplzoqw4 wvz5zww6 v6,(j;n4 ia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population nul nwq(zw6,4z;w jvw46vo ph z5mbers?

  Which option lists examples ofmjkkvr9vp4s((vzy ,jm9:q o9 evidence that can be used to support the theory of evolution?z,mj(99v po(qk4:mks 9 jy rvv

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? + h+0rvuvpnly q: q-+y
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctunuqw ,nh 7 u3h()efqf jgek/11ated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult np8:kr clsy. ht5 u1ah8eck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the gr5 1y8hlc:hart8 pu.s kaph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of ooi,., 2ka js4jw;e t4xyly4e antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when6ljnqkqy ge/0 :wsw8 8 discussing industrial w0qklys/8 wnq8je: g6 melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence prov; 8a; *b,wu kal78niec: +asnnxd bnd,ide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finchedx j0dh3.d7y l4 v u-iea.;ybap:f+mms with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What dyxm lad; i3f 07juy:a.4b+ m-v.e hdpcould have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of ch6l 11w,+4 acbmmbrevuanges to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are examples7;*c uen,uc9 ok vo,j(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibiss ra a g;522+p7jyqeyotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospitayya5p;7+2sqr2sgae jl door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherit8;13xkxz hg cewvm-6w ed in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who 3m1wczh8-v wke; gx6xare homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of m40fnvqg+syvo.m vx-h87vz9 female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does nm .7z4fnvog sv9 vh0vx-my8 q+atural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters bl rti+oje bs5p6;(nfy .end into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better intois(te +pfyobj5; n.r6 the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following s+-8c*y:; y(zxxlki pgdgxg7ptatements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to b3y- 5ida8qpif e analogpa3 8d iqi-fy5ous?

  Which are examples of direvz 77 cpa- 2ud*zpp,1zykjn*ki54jm cctional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example oflpn 5id.um- i;;lqs;v natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforesteby95q+gk;a 57 nzqprs. Which characteristic ok gqn5p5 bzqa9ry7;+e f the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is nq t)jt((x/x xjj qu+ va0-(cqbest adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a popul3 k lnvaglwnx85xo5)j2xmdy.4w lt7 4 ation of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. ltwx vdo 57kj) .5m43ywx2 x4 nglnl8aHow could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evo/b.)qhu/ 3mq7pbggv/bmx)f o qokl.8 lution of features in the forefoot of horses from the old)q hm/g/o/umo3kbqlf 7g. vbp. )xq 8best ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in d97bxw+6 4ej,k xzhk9,j jsuf:5ls tavariation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 flkhpt+ yo3x+r,6xsy,tt l()uinches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown belsxx +h3lktop ,y tr( )u6l,t+yow.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an e,lp4x an; q 1(levpdj*xample of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in nauun qb,v/vn6 z8gzw :m/5+2c +pvpkqotural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describp/.dxbm /tvauuwc; 2;e adaptations. Which of the following best describes the termtva ;w.u d;//xu2pbcm evolutionary fitness?