What is the correct definition of ahatfs bo k1l 3a 4(bvc:*mom*bt3s0: s gene pool?

  Which would not cause chap ije - f9-wdxhetm;9m,a8ca*nges to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following /t x:sy0;h26i njnm*oj*qmqg identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and s*6x so nn gjq/tqm0:*ij ;yhm2elective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered mowe 1z;x-t9)m 2qtngj o. /xm37kk wffith (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth;.31f2nmft- eiw7)towxxz gk/m qk9j population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidenc q*ym6;dx+ + n7mc l2viogpot/e that can be used to support the theory of e+c+2vl/nqo* dt mo7pmx 6 g;iyvolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural u mq4ms; ebp,r(fnf0o3kw.+ iet2 z8kselection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibrium?y7f;iwovad65yo9a hehv l0 )2

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masaiyi(,pi t;jp6og(y*v(c o pr1c giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selectr(tvg*o;,o p 1iy icjp6(yc(pion is shown by the graph?

  Which of the followinwx)mgm5kdz5)m5w0l w xvr(q1g could lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an n)tkhl cn ydqic;bp,628b.gc 9sdt;)r4te1j example when discussing industriayq21 gn6phbtej ncc d4.d k;r)9 l)csi;,tbt8l melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergenc7 w61o tlhh)kx )tgzn-e provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, thet 0tulbwpi(dbu 7 n0(2jg* a j;)mc0uf frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative ba02 t u00gl pb(*m7jfjt;)uc d(iwnuto the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene poolc/e.:mlk5 xzlt j+;ps.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the followingm4.n ,upu*pi4oa mzx( is/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of cx pzi1 /bl 68wba3vd,growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conductzcbp36xav1l8d/ b, iwed to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant moc0 8r i9r jxqhw9fn2,anner. The graph shows the proportions of peopl8ojr2ncfx9q ,r90h i we who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) bor lz trlr uj qz)-5lv15c;u6kl3n without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does nz-5k 3u1;5rl )q6jlcllvuzr tatural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blens73wmfljy do/l0tet dz 4. m)1d into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example o.w z4m3y7ej t1/lodldt) 0fmsf?

  Which of the following statements best describes an anal e;z6sjf3kj(m,9jzdu9 qh-svogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is li;wm9w2csj;w l*t je4f kely to be a ;2 s 4wj;cwejt*wfm9lnalogous?

  Which are examples olucmg n:ws d/0hf (skm z1s3swo, z-/.+w9zecf directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selectio 4n(df,-dsklp n?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical .9 mtowa/ em yivr:u+.rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adap:w/. u.ta 9eyiv+or mmtation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for suckin744/ltspxxh)r h /*cuwjmjw ;g nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop int+ ckn2 f9ebj5jo a population of plants that secrete a compound tox+j9jkn5 cf b2eic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of ho19yck 57v6s4kzklp qqrses from the 9zvqq4sk cp7 l1k 5yk6oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in+,hsg v,a-3+ujqal p2cdv n6o variation?

Darwin’s finches are a groum 89ey9/odpq wp of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four8q/m 9eopydw 9 of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exam(/ s: 2z6jxxc;tbznv:k vu w**ly6nghple of speciation?

1.Describe how mutationsdwxff: . e,c-k4zi(i0xw)4mp soub1 n can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term ups yux 433fs/ased to describe adaptations. Which of the following xs /yua33sfp4 best describes the term evolutionary fitness?