What is the correct d7g62 ead*9bbssdo, 5+hg0rfq*a jkj 0ejp6 eqefinition of a gene pool?

  Which would not caus, om/jzh*fp3 ue changes to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following ident(ak kym.e/a6s .zve /iifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selectemyk iaza/.(/ks6e v .ive breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betfuyu :+k ,heo ae+ hs2e5uiy(v67ktx7 ularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the f(6 yh7ea2u+eu hk5u7t ,iskev+ox :y peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists ex gkjlab z:,q5z-r.p9kto6aei9a+6rb amples of evidence that can be used to support the theory of +96bgtj :z i,5aokzkp6q l9a b-ar e.revolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selecti2 usdd/cs5pl 5zwd9ttd, 97rson is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of puca1 i06gy6iudnctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai giw5kyl h2jgp,7 raffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the ah 2g,5lkyp7jwverage lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the zdja 47wwmpd+ vy+,2ddevelopment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when ;ejakbdgg ,cck e fik/e,,1gon5q 3- 0discussing industr,kgjgg,/d-ek abq ec5ic kn;f1o, 3e0 ial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence4h/x n:;;rp ok-pnh3k5ng oxt for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large bv+,1zka(zgo beaks has increased relative tozv o ,gza1+k(b the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene --) p0 , i3oufunqnmcupool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s8o n3kc:3qsolba +k1/ wi sq3v) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of grok0 /bko9w5* kb5z+0iiuqr ovbw3.vlnwing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was con/0w0q9i.k b5zv5ub +wrobk lvni k3o*ducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a traitpy;rksw* od50 1:nxpt that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygosdwyo t0 5kp1n x*p:;rus affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of fwmfh0.,5+jluctju8 eq.yp i5emale African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks .uqcu fwj e.jhy0m 5+5tp,i8lin Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand baruu-- 5at3vo fz and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest u35a-ut f voz-parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analog36) xdyqfw 8et9dvy,6b 6l zydous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimc ha 9l8ru1ip:e0a5 fpb shown below, which one is likely to be analogo h8 ar10:5fi9pu paeclus?

  Which are examples of directional sn: zj*+ wxgcz.election?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exam )2* q*devy/qsg iec3rple of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the gr0:pe3:2kx eqplszq /cound in tropical rainforests. Which charp2zpk c qe03/ e::sxlqacteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from f4g3 4 cfnzy)(l bk (,hsm;ogtzlowers?

  A population of plants with no resik er+4) cozum,x3da;vstance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivorer;kxe3 u4md)a o c+,vzs. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses f6oicmz0zml-lg 5vjn ius;e3ehd69w t2-b87from the oldest ancestor (a) to mod79 igz- li;6ntwsu-m605 o vdehce 2fbj3ml8zern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variaw7 d5r+p-tsm dtion?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches whice7p co7m:;cyyh;-i uf o3r :lah share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four oeolia7 7r3om fy h :c:-;up;ycf these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following ly* x3v 2*9hnv i71b,ocfkxeq is not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selection. vi; .l(iwr:9b;qcp1 ha(cn b d

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitnessl3 gzv(tlg j 6+7y(t-z:br myk is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary fitnetv:kzyb73lt6zj(g-ygr ( m+ lss?