What is the correct defini0zg ywa 6kv34ition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to th qnu/ 6ite8xmn0wj :q lh/ua99e allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarkba pwcy3 3y47ity and difference between natural selection and selectia374yb cw3yp kve breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betulac2 ,4yco1e cal7ioe:vria) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth populatioe o ye,cac: 7c1iov4l2n numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to supporo en/h+ p.h 7izwl*de9t the theory of 9w* ./ph+deo7z en hilevolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selectisn xl4m: ll3+mon is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated eqg7:fni3,yr/ytf nq z9l22e ba uilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neso--l0ye 2i;cezw 4 ykck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graps4 -02ekie-z;ocy ylwh?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resistanc -xk v.hz3)tvmhi;y+d e?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discfy2w9y7 py f+mussing indu2m 9y7wyyp ff+strial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evi xeklb)s34relc3d;s1zz /kj. a1le;ea;e -ttdence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, themff p51b48qb.98o0amgqn d or frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small nr5d f.o mg o840 p9mb1abfq8qbeaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of chayd(k,,nivic4m 3gpq 8nges to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the followin lr snqxl16;r+g is/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effectu53e /)3rz4ou/pan6ej 6:v smmc chxt of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospita upr6uz) na e4t5v3 6 cohsjmm3x/c/:el door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant mpof.ur3 j k*(*wuytg4anner. The graph shows the proportions of peoplep3 *.tg4kf r (uouyj*w who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Afric;) sv)c(zrm stan elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does msvzs)t;)c r(natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in tn p;9sopqz/7y, (,rfj nj0ce bhe sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest partnqf ,7 oz9ry( jn;s0 ,pjbp/ces of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structurib0 /)w+ okgo:r))k+mm16lngtafemn e?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likelyi k /v 3e u;;r*smh+omrc;ir/t to be analogrvu ;*/m/i ik3o ercs;+;mrt hous?

  Which are examples of directional sq k9s k*tk(nt)election?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of n vawk4mbm e/ 5aiqu+s ey8 zn40u-)sq+atural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often fount 5.ufp, ujm)wd near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful af5uu) .tmw,p jdaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar fronc msho3r.- ;d- g hui6/bsf9jm flowers?

  A population of plants with no,d ktsv+dryo4tc6 0 u. resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How d ,.rct0 ts6u4odkvy+ could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features iopn wbk-70va 2bvfd3lvg+4 1 wn the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancesto1dfbl +-b gv2vp4wv n3k0aw7or (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vasg nx/ay:u (g lm*z*qxjp 6zp(u,*n;priation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches whicbd csb7 o/b bal(a0 xyv .qwq188xv;tx4.i( khh share a common ancabol(d cvya 1x b(x.tqswh;q .8ib bv4kx0/87estor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is n i*55kj1(vth j u;4s+ocd -u ya*khwkoc))krcot an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can rev((tp * 4o7tybxqamg . zw*2htsult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which,o9oz*o )buhluoa0/a.-jhh h 4v0sl j of the following best describes lu0o a* uhvhjjh9oo,.4o-z/) sahbl0the term evolutionary fitness?