What is the correct d;d,ce4v 7r wf2+)faeppokf .jefinition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes toksi6)0 yfoof5 the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following i gm59 anw;a/zd,.ieoe 3t vult 9v*tg;dentifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selectiv;.e9dl 5itwv,ztu*;/ 9 g ata mgenov3e breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the,qhv 542sz r*pgo q:jk peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become dzq5*og h2ks ,vjrq 4p:arker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be nr4 6w5 ictn ;dod0dy /*mno+jused to support the theory ofdc6dw on;nj rt md/4n 0oyi+*5 evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection isk5 v:pr 5hpo ji.9+4ssarke -6tpoay2/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true -+c.lwke, m )c(lv7r -ls dssgof punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship b+23 e )7xaeqz hb7ysmvetween the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown b)3 e +7vexaq b2y7smzhy the graph?

  Which of the following co jn)rd y0ao)ieonbm3 -:st37ima-bo/uld lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is of*54n,ihu rcmv 4p )ln59nkvrw,vm3 ghten used as an example when discussing*m 5,h4, p49n uh)nnvk35rvlirw vgcm industrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergenc mh jf ngc/9,4cjks5ddp/ +s1ve provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finch9yp 6 dc6t4g-. hmrvsb /0yzv+ gfh6aies with large beaks has increased relative to the fr z irf/h 6b. ygdschvg6tap9+4 y-m0v6equency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene po j,r/duyz9y920a sbihk * 2 (h(jvzomvol.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are ex3cpz3a hkyb23e; ml1vample(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with +j9k jn,zph .ojzbh.3/o5e ev different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developejbzo z/ h9h5j,k.pjv3 .n+ eoed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait th t2vvs+4i09:dfmipsm ,jhbv -at is inherited in a codominant manner. The grapv,-:p 4v0s t9hfv 2msdibijm +h shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African eleph .av*rvbb4(3 avn x0 xbfh7-kyants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How 3kxn-a4v bx*0y bfh7 b.a(rvvdoes natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured;ibki(zn *sid8/ r2o d oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend betteidi;nb rd o/8*i (zsk2r into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describwy79hem ag/ toxszq;9bs 6x20es an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which on- dhihkt k,qgz, xz3-0e is likely to be analogouskk-i t ,x3q-zdzg ,hh0?

  Which are examples of /xg2m,ie 9qgtdirectional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exampsjx ;3dor-bkkzpk*(+ le of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tazk0 6oa1ru4x))g8r4a+i oxecu2pn uropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example4xz+) acu 1x 48e6puaakn)i ur02oo gr of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted f5oco c 1l*u6xw,5ikiu or sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop i-vr0n snhxvein6o0ef8j* s 7 7nto a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this 6-vj0h*n8efs v07ns7xe in or change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution ol;sfgo7k 1ul1xnb*wem)k /n+f features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horsess1 l unboeml+*n)1wf xk/k; g7 (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resultf;e+7au y- ajobam 06w in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of )g6y)9bf.+jrtz ey 8; mkdsd u40wb lcapproximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the .kbzdey+ ;sflg)89jm4 t0)ry db c6w uGalapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of specidu*9 ib+tlg/ :b 9mzvvsdu60 sation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natura m: tj3;yxqq1pl selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness fe3zeidr9*07q gfmkz *s 5 3jtis a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the followin3k j*igm*fzz e0 t9d357ferqsg best describes the term evolutionary fitness?