What is the correct definit66 sy35maqtd ;gfv by(ion of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequencydgd:b8g:a7 7bx+n,h vhy 3omd within a population?

  Which of the followiw3ql/1hdbw/xzf7i esv t0i;2ng identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selective 7ilw3zxwqh/ ei; s td1 2/v0bfbreeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the pep; h9jbksl. ntm.w64qjpered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this hb9qt wls.6k;j. 4nhmjave on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence thatvg 8cf lc f)tut0;4s. rm.lyc6 can be used to support the theory of evolution?l ry .l0t s6.gmtf8c f)4;ucvc

  Which statement(s) about natural selectiocq5v jz8gerd h62u*j/n is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true ok ka7mo .e 372tgemuz+f punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck l4e(de5ym p e t:po7+95hubxwtength of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the t7 w teeempx+uyop( d545h9:baverage lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resistanc(tx mlhj bqoq+ym)4dx- vv;p2u, i 9v:e?

  The peppered moth (Biston bro7r/7z1;du g ftu6 zretularia) is often used as an example when discussing industrial melan /7ru7f 6uodrz g;z1trism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolu0tw: n5rj0. 0ysywdg(9bsdletion?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has ice 04vd iiwe3ms u)pnp., 62+t7vvd frncreased relative to the frequency idf, r +460pvw3ensev ucm7v)dt.pi 2of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gxvpn9-3 vq3cu f-f yyye(vq *7ene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective brr3c hfow*ta ltx7* :;2s:w dwteeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing b4p*5was hif-n9*4 e :ikm czezacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conn:ca ip94- z*s*e4 kifw hm5ezducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The nq3 bp4v-z;hyw*b jj.graph shows the proportions of people who are homnp4 hvy ;bj.jzbwq*3- ozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of f a,y8;whup,v wemale African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Goru vw8,a pw;yh,ongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sf4 leeng;tsvis (dn,20g k (l7and bar and dark coloured oys(4vl n02fkl(eg,sd 7ng tie; sters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best d-bqx)e j9)gblescribes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one i t5p/ xhfosk43s likely to be analog5txs /3ho 4kpfous?

  Which are examples of directional selection?(/y1*gkani /yp 2f 3zzo+ yfqw
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of latheyz; r9 , 0-.aldxnatural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found k mxq0.j o8r-dnear the ground in tropical rainforests. Which chardqr.x-ok8 0m jacteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is maj z;y,jcr j6 (sq-(sbest adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plant:abv0bozwi r821z f )ssbvb)3s with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change oc sz1ibzb 2o3 vrab8s)w0b:v )fcur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the :vg4of94n5 xvfgwl f-hfiuw,t+:xn* forefoot of horses from the oldest:,5-ug9gf:n flwwf 4 nfxihtv+vx o4* ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variah lxqdss(:zq6 h1(7s r7x ufv5tion?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximatelyo,diem 2jwv e( ,n(8mg 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finchm8vdem2 ing,e( ,(ojwes are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example ofdc*w- . 9qdjbpr2-zf c speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural cp/7n2 iz)px 6ydbi8 cselection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of then9wf 2z5wp/d y following best d9 f/dypn2ww5 zescribes the term evolutionary fitness?