What is the correct definition of a gey-rtfhk 1r0cb4dz5k2 ne pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency.i4htzcth46t h n u3t- within a population?

  Which of the following identifkc1r1q*7p mgn+6vgl n ies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selective bclqpng 1m 6*1r+7gvn kreeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (n1 arp4rf(aa i6 ny3j5Biston betularia) lives on y4 a5 i(ranjrfpa1n63 will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to suppe 1au,rq9yb4kort the theory of akqb1euy r,94 evolution?

  Which statement(s) abou;z-fb*0xvr. 4 9khq7 vffken5 jyy 1zqt natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilyxc ; c-6 ,6c 8s1rxmkvzoqbm1ibrium?

  The graph shows the pi +tzxj-+gg 6relationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifi +t- xgzpg+j6espan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following cgys4k1sawm 1 +zwyb, 4ould lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when diu,k 2ru m0disvx-v.wx,h3(.c y-k nbnscussing industrial mh-x xd0,m(nn c sk-3k,yrib uvvuw2..elanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual div5k *ok8wmxc41ys/ og thwn3t:ergence provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fedt .wxia016f w4fj s5inches with large beaks has increased relat5ie fw0f41wdjsx6t.a ive to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible 0c/oltrk(es8 dppp kb681cj 6pei6t4causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selectga ,5qzivp2k4;vw/6+9zwmj vwrj i)give breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing s,0+bwrwq+r 40y ibrrbacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door rbi,ry+wb4 sq rwr00+handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in ap/vhvoe.gaj 4ph 2))h0b rgx 0 codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous a 2agh begovx04v)/h)j0 hp.r pffected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number o :;n6hcxs wc)ff female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explasx;: f6 nhcc)win the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the /yudi,;7kb jbsand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example obk/u ,ybji;7d f?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analog :m wfki1-kt hphe7eysbb( 8ub;2gi;2 ous structure?

  Based on the structure of each fbz 8g2v o32zgtd rgyaf75qrf,:,jkt. orelimb shown below, which one is likely to be a yt5fr bk3287: j,2zaqvgg,tzrgdo. f nalogous?

  Which are examples of direc-ah c )gikt-b)zxj8;lb8is 0ktional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural +5f.+3l c3s9m sxegdfi1ofzr selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often jugtiev gsx598vq 1 .jz3wdyom )*0/r found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful aq83zvgs)jv9g5dy.0o1 eim / uw*rjxtdaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best fe.pnb,ha6v 6adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance ttmpe) mty+dmp-1 z a)+o herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic t)dmm1t+pe)am y+ pz-to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents txum5pvm 429t:symgc6 he evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e)cxg25:64 9pmvu symmt.

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resultbd)iipb6 w2zx hb9*;l in variation?

Darwin’s finches are :2 rv aa05yj:o iwdcj:lq2 ap-+rl;jla group of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestoryrlaari l2av0o:q-j +j2ldwj p:5c:; and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of specia4 vjxl(w 1epwhmv)k3+tion?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural szs4-yu48 joii /e)zvbelection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of ty mum5,cz ox++unc v,)n.2a ihhe following best describes the term evolutionary fitnessca5+2hniozxmv uun ,+,)ym .c?