What is the correct definition of a g,7qw1 2myui2bv tpyk+ene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a popula kk i1c,syswf,q8rc87tion?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between n *)7*ctb ksphek v02dwatural selectioncsk2k0d)pb**v7h wt e and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) ar m;61;v1p+n 1g w tzpudfa8tlives on will become darker. What effect will thism1f td16u antrw+; 8p p;zvg1a have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to supportn4 yoi8ml r 3bw.c)(vee;+tm p the theory of ev8pynl.cmew 4o( ; +bi)rt3mevolution?

  Which statement(s) abou ma6sl ih x51/i;teru)t natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true owxnzm,*w 9p(zzg(4o of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relatixvk * .2x2 o3(majshiponship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskir23io ka 2(sx ph.vmj*xchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resistjiam gf-0v p8 yckc12dpl* */hance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when diojz phma1pc-07 jgivw +j. 6q9scussing industrial mela-jvzpj aopmi g9hj.0w+1c7 6qnism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidenc .2 zd0ixtr5l 6bzep5wni8kk8e for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches wituw2l nb,+f18rm bl ka7h large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small 1 lknwblfrbu 8,+ m2a7beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changlzj/ nvs)t.o;es to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are e5298nwflalcqu g 4qa h2v-e)13 wmtvqxample(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the zorx+, 1diwxk/g-f-x,9k m uq effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken everf+u xgmdko-x,k w r9 -,1/xqizy 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a co cwrnj19neqw:7j u iq:41u2x mdominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people wh1 nenu17u94iq x qmw:cjwr:j 2o are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Lox6 mv7r.tz9d xy1)f fwuodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. Hoyzur9fw1 7 ftx.m)dv6w does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand colouredigwhy:od33 v zt8o 7(tizsp)6 oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example di3o6tyg):87t sip(zw hvo3 zof?

  Which of the following statements best ,2j kc54w-ft7u vsey ikhe.93//yokm fail2udescribes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one cmgfh46xns .8 is likely to be anahsng68f c.xm 4logous?

  Which are examples of3 zf82x sz kv5hwe7*vf directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selection ap brd,wws1en+ 2t+;b6+t0 aw7blm bu?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near tg ww ;jkab +*j1:hqic9he ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptatio9*hai c1q;jg+: bjw wkn?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from flowe 9)blru+. hw hfw)fyno-i7mik hi9w09 rs?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a bic*srf2b0t 9iih wl s,b748 epopulation of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change olbeirsis4w *b,7h20cb t 9i 8fccur?

The diagram represents the/0hukd;,udcz evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modernd0uu /; dkzhc, day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result inndqx74t+oji,wql .8 d- .ajeo variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of apprdwzz))lv0 t: 1jnta c*oximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown v*) dw zl:)z 0ajct1tnbelow.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exa(ql os7iwl46ek4*xyf mple of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in na6li5 drk23w bl5+2knjdo 8z eytural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term us5 q +rdm wxyl*s-bcn22ed to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the m- wx2ycd r+n*sq2l5b term evolutionary fitness?