What is the correct definitionh, lr0v qpp:;q3h 7lw4yberx . of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency with-h;t; r:i2 8bocpbed cpokit 4gie :84in a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference betweeblcens(l0zr3 c9qe;- n natural selection and selecc-n;cq (l93belrsz0e tive breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston /xjbgz)6*6.i /gu 2 exomdo 7hhn 1ugsbetularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the pepp hex/ i/busg 1 )dmoozu*6j 7g.n2gx6hered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence tha q9,coltjz 4-u r i3sz+x0ji8et can be used to support the theory of ej+rs ie30lo- j zuz,4 iq98xtcvolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/arrsze :3o6gkvo5wcatk +m/ . eyo-x (,me true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated eq ghzbyiwf3)oq, b20wspj(d :lk43nk4jjm5 -juilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Map4il; /3 yjcpn6(kk xl 5h.oawsai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi)ypl3k c/k wp5a.holnjx6i; 4( and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to t umiy,hn1+65-icb l5hfl t+ dd 9gr0ajhe development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betula).u0gjcvc : vuwc x5bbf+f92 mria) is often used as an example when discussing : 9wvgm.5f0c2b vbx+ uc u)cfjindustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergenr:gx 8mrz:)ye ce provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, :-76 b g aghg6gz5e7r8rrmrvzthe frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What c5 :rgga- z7gmrvhgber6 8r 7z6ould have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene p7fa 8(e8fiwygwf x tbo4j3e98ool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s)m n2on((te30stb thy4xjj: c9 of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics ,5nmknqun- upn 89-kd c-- dq8kumnkp u9 nn5,nan be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is +rk5 7pb(bgh9 p.+yxt b *(xzfftf+fqha; .jfinherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous ab9(*kfj p(f7.+xbxh.+t gpr+tyf z; qhff 5b affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elep4tg o:c4g(b50d pnsvs hants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park.g0nd4(5: vo4c spgtsb How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand col)qx -ajoxge *: 4 ywld:m :npvn)1kn1goured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oys)x4j ng y-lq wxo*:)k1gndm::vap1 enters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous serhbbd0q(n w);i2ba)i-j-jdfg g(o; 47iv hmtructure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, fir8b4kara (or8 w7.kwhich one is likely to be ai4r.o 7k akarw(r8 8bfnalogous?

  Which are examples of directional1nqh )(axl7 n;x8jmjt selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural s6d;dm -nrj6s28f,q 2c; skgmoke /y pkelection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in s *(jety5*k cm6)uvgktropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adts* yg c5*(m ke6ujk)vaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is 0812mjnrtvf(ezb c8p best adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores md. o(8isfji u,ay develop into a population of plants that sesiuo( 8 f.dj,icrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of featurdztyz 31cwy g ,3g4dd*es in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day hord*3gdz 4yy wc 13t,gzdses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in varig5(:f ; grfqecation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of appr* lu*:+3hiy021 srxp9ukui ew7npt nloximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are foy3nip7 *1lste n9ku : hrx+*ulu2p 0iwund on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of specina g cpwd86z6(2c;nrhation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in naturabb hq(,7lt:. kve ow6hl selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness i9g6ft7eoaw eb*xk/( (mic/zqs a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describ k6bc / /mexg*z qt7o9(faeiw(es the term evolutionary fitness?