What is the correct definition ofbmwwn;),u f6pfxj( 6nm..*w c) ynh gw a gene pool?

  Which would not causj yr+xt6,cib6e changes to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and diff: g,q6 4xm np+ijde9woerence between natural selectioignmp:+xw6edj q 4, 9on and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppewls 4pcst tb 27) l)3uteyn.i-red moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on thep 2tln wt ei7us )l.3-c)sty4b peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theory o tck li;hsz-w2va*)rl.a5dk8f evolurvk5tl-z ah wa8) k.2cdis;*ltion?

  Which statement(s) about natural selej i1zgjz6t1*yction is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated eq*f k8 w7p9bh c nmqlm*mn9o5p-uilibrium?

  The graph shows the reltha 6+b.uksp;y t f)/lationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the g;lf6 p+h/ys )kab.tturaph?

  Which of the following could lead to the de+:o wuw lv7, zyh/)jywvelopment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an e /rpkg3cob- myne *rgmy;9q-/ xample when discussing indus;/ym*cgm np-9e q-b3rygk ro/ trial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for ev; we jm--an6jmolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks /n ,5domtfccu l-.5bxhbn,gq3 xt j6( has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could havetcnhxdn. obtq6l5 b -5 mf3,,/ucxj(g been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene poox ed /zad qo.almg:m. 5k.)6hyl.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the followinghuijp z) 123/wv g2z va-ujwk4 is/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how th8y -rzozy56hqe effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A studyoz5yh8- zyrq6 was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that isquabt x5nudz8y1qyr+;k6 . )i7oqe7 k inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who. xu58e t76+kqi;a ydyuqqrb1onzk)7 are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta african/o0b 6q,hh5nv6jewuaa) born without tusks in Gorongo vo6 h0/,w6aebj5nhuqsa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oys( buvmr,k7 c3nters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better int k cm(u7r3nvb,o the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describesmsesbc1wn:3 fpx96sd )at( *v an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which )ozan12xn g . ie:03qw7czoph one is likely to be analog2pei)zgnnho:.3 wz cx10aqo7ous?

  Which are examples of direc; p/8xmd vv.sz8n10c j3vkb ( (a*tlbxs cnb/otional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example oaio6f u1(hgozd5 s-: bf natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the gr m/ dt9*tq7-zc4ck4o wsuamm* ound in tropical rainforests. Which characterisq97mc*4k/d-z o4m ts atmu*wctic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking necy meh(0jf;4oco.:fq7ny(,hh0 dj tubtar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a po saks37rvcf*,n56fij j9u1qm pulatv c 7sijjrns,5f kfm193u*q6 aion of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses fromu9al0 ; bwz4udz0l-ch the a -z luwlc9u;bhd04z0 oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variatint9srhelv(,oog+ 1 1yon?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 bd19 brf t0,z;bjx9l- f*gemv finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown bel,dfrlvg fm bj;9ezxb*b1-09 t ow.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exampkz, jnd+ph9(o ngj3()z 2 4qb,dz gnvkle of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in nayw5 9vgl/lgb31yk)pq tural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptatio,mc rxyr9r mwc2pk6:+ns. Which of the following best describes the t:w +9rc6kxc2 mm r,pryerm evolutionary fitness?