What is the correct defitc +ilk+vd :c 0i8gt kq:wd/h)nition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a popuif/xndnx sy0tsjy) z5w(0..blation?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and differencxl y6nb f/7j2ue between natural selection and selectif/7 lju26xy nbve breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that thenze14h/js ;6n o gm w:uny*ue: peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker6 gsyu:z/emhj4unn1w * o;en:. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be 4e1sgigltf81iz;l ,o rhu, p9used to support the theory oghfi8 ,tgr,1il94 u ;leozsp 1f evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are tru yx( wv;e *a9c nf/pwt(fes:r lv2ax:h3br9:xe?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuatedfk:bohz /,7hq equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masaao kduhu /ws)6f5p* ql s.f:n(e pct57i giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown bufwp/uto5 6(sk5h 7 fna. *l)q ec:dspy the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resistanceyt*ndd/r.yy1-mqjk u au+7 t;?

  The peppered moth (Bisto u.jz*f*uq.ov.u(p gi+bn g/fo.6h m pn betularia) is often used as an example when discussing industrial mela.o*. .uvuu. fziho p( g* +6qnpmbfg/jnism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidecr xc(o sz3xprk1e04 ;nce for evolution?

  In a population of fincheh1ftck 8 kw3*zs, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have behk wct3f*z8k1en a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene po6w:y-34y p)omzxshwy ol.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breedingz 9it 9jor5iu6?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effec z.zt rz-3juf)t of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle haj)r3z u -tzzf.d developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in abeb5(v (gj 5w z3jx3 adsy4)o o:io/am codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected bo4o d xagsm/vyjwaj(3 5bei53 (o ):z(Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) v2tt,k c;- dpdborn without tusks in Gorongosa National ;2tcvkp -,tddPark. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into ra ozd3zm+g 0dg-b2a p8ocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts ofz 23mdgpbgzaa o-0+8d the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statementszsvw* 60i(m,y ph3w xr best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, whicxzc :d2f z 2603wm-zlc rzjha2h one is likely to be analogousz62mzharf zxc 03zw-2:jcl2d ?

  Which are examples of directional sjl(5a )7luohxq r.5p9+g grjvelection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natury p caflkb 3wm,5t)(.ual selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainxkt :lj:zow-wp t4cp6 7q, c/rforests. Which characteristic of the lepcrq-6zj7 o:tw4w : l,c/ tpkxaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is besddv ;em9x r-l q/mq/-nt adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plant .oo4 gcn 9slhtbm3m3;s with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of planlsngom mt3 co h4b.3;9ts that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses f; eaqq hk0anae3j55k5rom the oldest ancesto 0nk q5 ;55qajekh3aaer (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variationau6 b chg:0wz7?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which sharf4 vxy 2q7d t6qxxp -ctj3c+m1e a common ancestor and are found o7f1qtcx 6 c2 qt+m3jx-dpx4vyn the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciati aytx9v wb8 7e4,eurw2on?

1.Describe how mutationscb2- * f9blrsnwl5vw+ can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term usedj 43lm8du bl1d to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionarj 1483udldl mby fitness?