What is the correct definition b : 7ykra94t l6v36komm,wltjof a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within q:c/bybj ,qa9 a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and differencbg;wt ly0r( 4dh x +bcg+0tq*te between natural selectir*0b4twdbg +l x t ;ht(+ycqg0on and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the p*48 v:oeb loyjeppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numo 4v8je lob*:ybers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can b t,dr 0,qfd2ice used to support the theory of trcifdq,0, 2 devolution?

  Which statement(s) about natura99m6ybas1 x lg*f1/mzgp j5sjl selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibriu4sp4 ba)kuc qjz5l-jbhx)+x 9m?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck lv7 b f6ik(vqv;ength of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shokq(v biv76 v;fwn by the graph?

  Which of the following c(uad5c82t owkm5j8 xcould lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is ;y1eyl5ypdgffomlz .;f,g1 5mt xr,( often used as an example when discussing indd,z;eol 1y1;xp, lm55 f t.m rgfyyg(fustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolum 6xp9g)bqn6ew nm2o- w*klbukn,h +-tion?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaksk :sw/(x*yet x has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cys ( x/x:kewt*ause for this?

1.Outline the possible causesdd8q 5p2w5l ygo7d,pt of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of sm5j f37vjk7nselective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the a,5w r)vpqb* feffect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be inq) w ,*rvfpa5bvestigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited e, o4iedas 3m9in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are ho d9e,4a3mosei mozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Lome vs* u(hd *n7ku.bi-)p;c fnxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explavnchfem7(; -*i usu)dp*.k nbin the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, s+ju:yh.;r0 s;bs,iiqvyf2 l n and coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest ufsq:yjb0ysl +rh;, viin2 ;.parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an a (y74tuxceqs0nalogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one w /6n68wl ;tp8hrbnm;ea5l gt is likely to be anmn gbr6t5a w86e l8t; ;w/hlpnalogous?

  Which are examples ofqtb:1y.tcep4 1e x-:xqymp 598uydzy directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an examplemd qxrnftxy . 4k;,j 08oaj2z0 of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants a n/h1gp 7v,tn 8;6;ljko vzxoare often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptatioh7xoztk/ngoa8p 6j n l;1v,v;n?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from fl r .le7co9tk46hnfj.zowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herboj h;w-xh /ol )/1xajoivores may develop into a population oa/)o x;ojlo hwj1x/h-f plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of feagfz,*a/2 vzir8*aynx tures in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern,*z/ig2zf a*v8n yarx day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in v6 pn ,jmzpix9+ariation?

Darwin’s finches are a g vmmlinp9gsr6m9 )f96roup of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos isla6f6sp rmi9 )9lmm g9vnnds. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an examplekt j0lpbcr +;(6j:.vxn 7fdyvcd pb)* of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selection.-c 5znkhco rj:1a;rcr.3usr3xt (,no

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term usetyo5:vp/w39 p z:v zild to describe adaptations. Which of the following best desc:pozivt5yp /9w3lz: v ribes the term evolutionary fitness?