What is the correct defi qfodxq0 )5 togrs:l- 7rb;/ginition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a populatix5s.xsb-iyv htt ;n21on?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between natural +8jpv4ezezcfo;*sj cn. q :b3klg3o5selection afv5b3jl +zqnkezco. 843po e;c *gjs :nd selective breeding?

  As pollution levels ris a8) i,po9mnzte, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the pepp8p) ,az9 miontered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to supxk2e*xlz(90o099w w ujwneisport the theory of evolutieu kxs9 j209(x in9*wwoz l0weon?

  Which statement(s) about natural selecti0c( jjvjzt+)p*n nha4on is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuate o sepn4ik4ea+z s z-3y+jf7g1d equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relat,z/8ra.e bl dsionship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskir,l /zabe. r8sdchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following cf d26ap0lsy 4xould lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when dil 7mx b2zl+)bmscussing industrial melanibx2+b zl) l7mmsm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evyl )unb(6s u4q8+i+p6 :v a:ry cxwjcmidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has inca hzrlvx74qh/j +(y o3reased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for t+47h3 ojxayz hvr(/lq his?

1.Outline the possible causesdl3( h jyga(3a of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are examp6u18jt(z/ 2:rfl t+kr5iuedwqqo /ty le(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacte dzp8u+daheq (; /cx9nria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistancxa(9uch8de; n pzq/d +e that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a traqf7zg awwot 34ptt50nc1(8v ya j+6qt it that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are 5pty0gz at7 w81ao34 ctvjq+6wnf(tqhomozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of vrg c x3/mgwb(u5 g.u4female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural 4gcg/vx(3uubr5 . wg mselection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sy:i;d g,n-de r 37of)b;3 j0wnisftoaand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an ex ddi7on0 f,ob s)j;nr 3ef;:t3 ygwa-iample of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an anpfrng -lw y;-+lkm gtd2ux;7zh79dhw 3s.f-valogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likel6zm cysy3sa c (/49hrjdi/5fqy to be analogou9sdh 3 54mz csq 6yy//(jcraifs?

  Which are examples of directionalo8e3 3 jqxuoerb(e:z) selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural seli2,0 hzxlte 9ftaol b 2d.96diection?

  Broad-leaved plants ara fp+rv-qh puwk8- /s3e often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Whicpu3 q/h vpwakfr 8s-+-h characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for suc7e42lc, rmx82del y laking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to her7c m5f iozxc47t )pvl:bivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic toflv5op z txcc4m)77i : herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents3:k l-qgs-wzz the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) t s:zz-wk- g3lqo modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result .+ogv c9pkbc 5 y*d y8sf-;vixin variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finch(ephv8z0 x cek 93+vsubp.t 8les which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. .( v 8eeplhkcpzx80b t9v+us 3Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not zre)g9 r iyfsh,9daj1pu3n:. an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in n;vzp-l )fk -r643 bpuj ynkd5satural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of thfxg ou ) 4k;ftz9t,7xee following beso,7xf 9fku4) ezg;xttt describes the term evolutionary fitness?