What is the correct definition of a gene p9 zb c5akfx8c )+jrsd;ool?

  Which would not cause changes to the alledybh7 ch280 qple frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between natural se-; uizmnwwj+ygxb ) d+zq* 57mlection and selective breedingq*++u;5wnm)-m7 jidzwbyzx g?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betula, 9hu iu 815-mexq dtsq2skr.bria) lives on will become darker. What effect will this havksh -9i8,d . q1xue qsbrmtu25e on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support th;qaimm-jx9ffsk(me3jv r3 u 9p2j 89ze theory of evolution9ux k vsmiz3mpf8 jf( m9r-q3;j9e2j a?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? h bp+ ao052j*8a m0t vwvn-rdw
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true 4mejlor uao)(4:sybr e7x cmh: f)*l(of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neckkc *;rk ( q9msc.u o ziax-.tapy)k30a2/cb wa length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by thbp.oskt; /ra*uw qcx9ccma(yz) -.k 2i0ka3ae graph?

  Which of the following coup 5-c33yqq y nei-t c1zpiu2b6ld lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betu1a0e wcg 4nf0claria) is often used as an example when discussing industrial mwe1a4ng 0c0c felanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evo k pur*ouqaomo 37fer 6m.l45)lution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with largsi0/y8c j zgu/e beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finchegic0 sjy// 8zus with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of chvsii2; t4 +w 2 6imeo-3hns.bzk1wrfe0vqa .hanges to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selectiv-n;md0o2xgdatj :nr5j :iec7e breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibi7ly7ai: .( tp 3zbaetnotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of in.:z yp7( t7a ta3elbthe zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in aom9(fz tk. hk/lc 0b1d codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of peop 0 .hd/c f91(mkklotzble who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africanamlso*hkd0y/,fs6 z7 1 ; n5qs4oltddd) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trenddo/*dh471 oq6tsd lznfl ,0;s5mkyd s shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured /jlq8 yk 7m2olx ht2o1oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deo 7xho 2/ tmqk8yjl2l1epest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analqtz8;u/8y j- qg 2nqpxx5 .prrogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which onekrsv5 c8p.3h3oi/oj o is likely to be analogous? c.3s 85r3o/kjop hivo

  Which are examples of direct *x;zwm7jv-x xional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selep91kqj1d e1vcction?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near tk ) xpp8rnb-ncosgbra r3q2vww :.+uu0 48py; he ground in tropical rainforests. Which ch u0na8x2:4v - prgqk+sbr pby 8;wo.uwcp 3nr)aracteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adap.(2d(.zxfqxa0eqxqbg c; b e 8ted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to hersnpmco b-mt fp9 z7h+51ev0k6bivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound to h9c6 pfvp +zn0 1sk5t-7eombmxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of fiyss qr;*t-l:otzl. 2eatures in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses ts;:i2.tz lsr-oy l*q(e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resu8 :3vhl/d orellt in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 1y1-zd;lye,l( e uc(gggs5 m 6r8 finches which share a common ancestor and(5eczs1 yg euygg6 r,l(mdl; - are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not ak /pr z u(9.5 f60nn asfyh.skwg0xec7n example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selection.es)u dmnwn 824

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations.z :nj/xetn: t dws (j7od,iw.gl,;d. ty t,o3h Which of the following best describo. x, s,7./ojwjtnl:t wyht3en :dzid(gd ;t,es the term evolutionary fitness?