What is the correct definition of a gene poyy2zm 2l8swf/ol?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequensi i9 m-atdm:bix:2 ;ncy within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference betweezd)r)1 wmwg v0n natural selection and g )dw0v w1)zrmselective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the 4cy nfzubm-w20bkv80 peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?w0cy4z fn 8buvkbm0-2

  Which option lists examples of e q20j gidk61q,sk *dft3go*puvidence that can be used to support the theory of ev1d*qtd k ug63 kj 2g*o,f0ipsqolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are 2g5h5ih6ckj coa 6xnj6pg 38 tax2pl6true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of p6ui4a/t2xz 9dkhi d10wwsv *runctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship6p 9;+2rduo15 oc 0tklpyog pq between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan.q1o065cglrpdkpuo9; p 2t+oy What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following c 8afip399 vhc m5mdc*eould lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia)2 qlf t;)fp+okw7ob lyj ,b(z6pw7t0f is often used as an example when discussing industrial melanism. ,pft7 y qbf;poj7+ ftl(z)k ol2wbw06

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergse4*om npu l 2mu)5hkaz5yy /;ence provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fzh1+b(g f qejrl8-a8iefax ba(jt9 /- inches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could ha (a-g hi-ee lff9jjz+rt b1b(8a 8/xqave been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes o qj e* 1o),o vsftkx;os;c(6bunj9g1wf changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breedi 8as:zei6,4ji e;s-mje8 mm,q;duzf sng?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics (su58wl dj2t3 ipij;s can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measur (is ludw53;t2p8ij jsements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that 5 ,v)0 umf6yncfxb g8 dea1 +4p.nejlkis inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people , 0ge4fkenmpf uvndj 5 ) .l81abxyc6+who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxd1 c+p m;a a0gd5gandes.1yf8odonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does nat5ddp a8gad10 ;nm1 +se.yfcgaural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks o4,mpo+) kfxain the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest po ko,af4x+m) parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an l9gfqpu qb9 mh* mm4q+ 1w/+toc 0bnb:analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown beo,qio d3c(3ia:h 6 ie4pexxs t 6lrf25low, which one is likely to be a, s:di2oeixa6p3 r 3eqcl fo(4 txih65nalogous?

  Which are examples of directional selection? pfotsalv u29 *:+(s+fv; w;bc+ sdf qf
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natul)/k6 r / vygan;a*z /( ;tcns;trxzpiral selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforestbnj: *zvcsb;h k1 u3h;s. Which characterisuhb3sb*c;; j kvh: n1ztic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adad(d xx/v1:bam pted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resis 165mktdurcwxig v x1d 5;q, 4;4zm34j pbezvntance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur4 6czqetb534pzvduwrxj1n; kg v1 xi ,;md4 m5?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses z,vdf. ffzu02 from th 0vz.fz df,u2fe oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variation?b609 phmvkt .zavm6:p

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 * )fl r qt*l2,gibt;rjfinches which share a common ancestor tf*)qbg;* 2ir j r,tlland are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an examplegpo:ip-vep/ wl0v a txy8e)t8;4oj ,k of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selqbvm0h1 35v-oe ph m+eection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe ajqwd , k-gs8, k3jd+opdaptations. Which of the following best desc ,qkg kdsw o8pj+d3j-,ribes the term evolutionary fitness?