What is the correct defx x7yv1n.f j,r ,mzkt8inition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the*ym2*vm6 rw/ohaf an1 allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifkrbr)t szd:sz7 b2o) 7rv vh53ies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selectiveh7zr5b)vdtszor)3sbk7 2:v r breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppertk o+yjtsb (zni(js p-0h2-tfy8)n 3ced moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered m(2h+j- i z-cbfyotsnkp8yn(30tj )ts oth population numbers?

  Which option lists examplf1b 0awdr9 5zp0 1 mab1hmsdq(es of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evolutioa0(mm1zpr0wfbd ahd5 1q19bsn?

  Which statement(s) about natural selb0.-q) td1eu8i l rh8icd*i 5wi )sxbxection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibri+5jw3dj nxc px/3k4tjv*qi( tum?

  The graph shows the relationship betweef.u y-5 wehvi ith76h5n the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. Whah i -v h5eu6wi5.ytfh7t type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the followi) 2pl05g/c)opja ue d 4wae x;:rjg:spng could lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an ei-k zbf4f(i n*xample when discussing industria4in(f-k z*ifb l melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide r0c wi3oac/r/9o0bv nevidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, th hbx v+-pzi7ttzfv aj2)34)hf e frequency of finches with large beaks has increased refjzbv2 )a7vit+4f) ztxh p3h-lative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to tvp+wv uw;b0q0.rtqs 4al6i 8a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are exa,x*8csv/qs0inij 1 ;;aa z leample(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing ba 5lbw3.bw6a b3bzm6fh -x st,b11jzchcteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiot .t3bw61fj3lz bzhm,w6b 15axb-cs hbic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. lbg*gz98 6slzj/ la7 pThe graph shows the proportions of people who are hop 6g*/zjl 7bzgll98samozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of feml*argcq i1rm7/xu6n ( ale African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection ex7q n6a/xgr(c1* u milrplain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand qy9mjt fi+6or nt,-f;bar and dark coloured oysters blend bfyj96ofqrnt,t mi+ -; etter into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements bes r-ima-zscg+s y.p*-et describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which onec;uqirb (3l 7b is likely to be analo3u ;l(ircqb 7bgous?

  Which are examples of direction72oiv(.kgj7 aw 6yomhal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an examplh +nx* rln69mte of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often fouxfue- h7 naj )o1j(7hvj*:hwa-v m;fjnd near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of t 1-oxn;h*vfjj amwh e(va):h7 f-uj 7jhe leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for9889/k*q ja*5hs4 j4ii qecrscuqenj sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resist2 qm k,md7tbfl.3-xmh(wp. ljance to herbivores may develop into a population olmpqw3 7x 2,kd-mbfl tm.( jh.f plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the f)c3;nb(yy b kbs:- pxtorefoot of horses from the olde;yk(x -b3:tsp cb)ynbst ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in 6)tc x.fopz+u-pv2),x z2 twhkqvw:bvariation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which shwe r.rwxydcww19 0 08kare a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below. y. 90ckrr1w w8w0w edx

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example ofd7 1xutav:yj 33a4mnk speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selec e h0z0eh 2ftdw1ea4*ction.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness isa.y916k jlge x a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary fitl9. 1ay g6jkxeness?