What is the correct o u+vpn lz0-p+s r;gi*definition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the alevkyy )8 pbm(5lele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between nag4v2gw z;yn1f n8bq1dtural selection and selective ngz4 8yf;qvwbg112n dbreeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth .mvjv/abt vr-;(wf : b(Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the p /v(.twmv-jbr;b a v:feppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence sv825x7n pidvews9q* that can be used to support the theory of evo8 v s*7vd92s5ipwnqexlution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? u,;*0hwc fwyb
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibri j oc;bn a,nwfiltc7+*g)duxb6 4g9,wum?

  The graph shows the relationshipv/getp/ tr41sh9/k+j plm7 wh between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by thm4ehs17/pt/l9prgvw h+kj /te graph?

  Which of the following could l tch 4)eqn+ b68u:du yzvh+lv7ead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discusvb8/62lpfm- dpe-thp)wvy f; l8 b-cqsing industrial melanis)flpv p pq8yvf ; 8l/d2m-e6wtc- b-hbm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutq0buzu (xime.usd3s . vl)94zion?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fin/egk0k -buuv/ches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finch- g u/ebk0/vukes with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible -fu e z iiqerh:.2fl81causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breed3upx5;khyh.:z fc l ;ping?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibioti2g0yphscjmk i:kob8l z 16/ :acs can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resista :2 o1pjkz: i86mbskahy0lcg/nce that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codoagf:;dy 91;py*oursd minant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (s f;:gp;o1uddyy a*r9 Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Ay6:k:;nl7sgo bt itj- frican elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa Nat g;n6itt: yjl:ko7b s-ional Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blendc metwpd0 nv+7/6pcn , into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into p/wvdp , ccmn0n 7e6+tthe deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an ana17 xg aecd./4b a.oomvlogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely aq8p04+nvjm u to be analoga80u pq vj4+mnous?

  Which are examples of directional sex: k1+p -vw7)- b1m*p zrxpzq vdle9selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selectio)gwd*hg82.a,nh5x qit jx6vh2 a9 iccn?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical raiac24mefcjqr g/w; +-o2kuy9n nforests. Which charactefoq92/gr;wea cnc 2m 4+-kuyjristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for succt j36 ofcn)e1king nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no reh-zr -x) 4mwutxgp-h4/:r ukc sistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How coulh-kh-/ 4ucxwzpurxtr 4 :g)-md this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the for1tvddcs mcvgt 6z55e6 jl-r7 0efoot of horses from the oldest5 -7 5dcv csz r0dte6gj16tvml ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variatioj)j)ym8wsi23,l.wqyru a p x9+pkv)un?

Darwin’s finches are a gwiwn a5p 7b8kzbg 3*gwfs7,7d roup of approximately 18 finches which share a common ances37w fpg5z7 *7 d8inba ,wwgbsktor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the followin* c3ovd w2( eog+wtky(g is not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can resulc dhw8neo+x ,.mohxfu h7:j4+t in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Whichs1on/9g0a qyw of the following best describes t y1g oqa90s/wnhe term evolutionary fitness?