What is the correct definition of a gene poolddx8 c 4m72whl?

  Which would not cause changes to the allwt-zpayp0ncf) 10c ch );5 me /hirl 4/ttmyy4ele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a ovl(y hozu1aqn, )i1 9 x:i(cxsimilarity and difference between natural selection and sen a,v 1i((1 loyz:9xo cuixh)qlective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betulvi a3 nr6r/ )je-acsc:gdy *.uaria) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers-:rrn/63agjcv. y)ua *iec ds?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to supporu. sfhd (jz02et the theory of evolutio0 2esdu zjh.f(n?

  Which statement(s) abocsd/rdw 0e)v01 5etun ut natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equib u +)ekyza :q iy*wb6cy/c6;hlibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck lengt qas7 ht*lz,c8rl;, xkh of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespra*ks ct l7hqx8z; l,,an. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to 5e ohe.1 vz:pwf,4(jnn;xbwn the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as l0n 00 d-y -tpqrq/c utzgy16wpk:9jt an example when discussing industripn-zjtp: r qu60 /ywt ly09-1qc0t gkdal melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provinsj 62dv 5m8ln :off;fb o*(fe8sfk9nde evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the n)undxl-p.zw7lhr/0 frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relar-0nz/pd.uhlx l nw)7tive to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes ofovj;x4s t.4tk changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are exac+sfcxx wx9 00.ff)vmmple(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacopmcavt)gl+ .p2r,ne dv*(;vteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of thecvp2dogvv )t lr(p,e;n* m.+a zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherkx9 2pbho8t x+ited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who 9hxo8 x t2bpk+are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africa1 ++rrb x(gl6p)bo4 fc dqs*xina) born without tusks in Gorongosad+fl 4g(6 ro cb+xr)q s1*bpxi National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, snprvv.h-b q.ob -ww9ipyz 3bap) q ,/6and coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend bepb-)p 6./pz9anb o3yh ,. qrwwq v-vbitter into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous strw xw9 6hfg -zg/ss6w0bucture?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is lil4 exa/dv fp,;7 pjh/tkely to be analogap//,tdv7f jel4h ; xpous?

  Which are examples of directional sep9)(t uis-fp jlection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selectiov,q1p so nmr4+pk:7y6*pw thsn?

  Broad-leaved plants are often fouwwlcb*19xl ks8 hp4 9and near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characte4cabxlwwl91 p *8kh9s ristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from flowers? kr k+l3(7j -i pfp*jga

  A population of plants with no resistance to her9zsz +nxjyhancb(jq -1;c 50h bivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxicj9n1yb;z-h(z q5n+h js axc0c to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features imfl;(xk nuz99vo-tg /n the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (x(/;t 99z vognmufl-k e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variati i h2jfhfcr: k3xpf-4;on?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 15 c l-gyyj.:tk8 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown beloc :y5tgyl j.k-w.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of ri9u577utps s speciation?

1.Describe how mutate2ca8 mc5(pdm0- ql fgions can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness;:aw * e 8)lunuw/g7qrj kggr9 is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary fitness9 gl a7 :e ;wnwuur*rqg)8gj/k?