What is the correct definit39r0j/ihj4g gj1 nn .j3pgb qgion of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a populatq v0u 4fsi(lq.d(axr 0ion?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between natu rm1x+ a*sxj vhb3rinp+5p3lxd.2wn;ral selectio 3pxn+1+3ns *r.j vx hrmb5w id;la2pxn and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered mcj0 fidq*4c(yoth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?jc yi(f04qdc*

  Which option lists examples of evidence that co7q4q .qojlhtf*, pnga iuk, 0nw:x +4an be used to support the theory of en4+q40,la:p ox.qwfn i h,7*q okgutjvolution?

  Which statement(s) about natui5v (k )ogtqug3;w1w sral selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuarmp) : p*;mtwdted equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationshe9-y qt6 8x iiibs0f8mip between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskir eifxy80t -6q sm98biichi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead u c:y/ rs/fzng (i54wito the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Bistokmb6sv( g,w- s3er0p zn betularia) is often used as an example when discussing industrial melank(3vszbmgwsr0-e 6 ,pism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutifux:l3rau7. bon?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks hahih) -8xosp(qst)k/6, wxzlgzt p. 6 y4grq8 us increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause fokxyw6 rq4q h p).6/hu,tgo8tgpl 8 z(siz-)sxr this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene pool.3;:r56. of vb ru8 d cizvjigc*hjr+h)9b d:st

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are exampdy a8* i; zlrn yo+i(zfgj;/m(le(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growin *m62bf,kggib g bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition i 2g*6fm,gbb kwere taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited icl(x crkx-:,ymvsi*c 1jon,/n a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of peoxi* lok,-, 1 cvxycs/jrcm:n(ple who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of fgh (r51 syv6zd-qkbk.u+ /nkc emale African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without z1yv5+k s.c-b/6k rhn guqdk(tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oystesu sugp(r+5 ;tefr co(.w3-ra rs blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepesa( ;r3ug we (us5-sr +or.pcftt parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following 0ubcah 9z31to statements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each e*7ywnb3yz 7u forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analen*y37 bwuy7 zogous?

  Which are examples of ./m8kiyd3+d0 ;np(ietqtrzo t/p 2ze directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural seq9mf;9c,k/yvy 6hnw5 iskh6r lection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in99xe w u+alwd5 tropical rainforests. Which characteris9w +uw5de9axl tic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is bestzg8mt,zsv l(v et0f5 wvs q+5* adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with ysp (u /xi: qkgvy-uh7)mxk+(no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could tgx(x qy k+)i- s/yuhuv:m7p (khis change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in thex9 ydw t3g3a)94z g ts)fac9bu forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses ( 9af dg3zx9cs9 ayt)3)wtug4 be).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis res,6e3z3p vudo( jhu*olult in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group o+m1anvs6psr- j a2; upf approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapag va61a-n r+pp;s2sumjos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following hd s.5l8iue,1si4 zui dhp9g6is not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutatiov: 5a5r/ )*tpszuszjcns can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the fdm9b129p d jaa (oanu-oyd5 r;ollowing best describes the term evolutio9;9a donra512 (uyp -mbddaj onary fitness?