What is the correct definition 2 a0gk4:ljzu* ql6 fgnof a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allelv+s0w8kxxf 28(r m)b )yemt/e (elxdae frequency within a population?

  Which of the followintmgzqx5 8 q /y/r-t4r yq20latg identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selective qxr/ 5gr8t0a4m-qty/ylztq 2 breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betul;lc9oz 7tj dh-aria) lives on will be9z-;tcjhd7 olcome darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence thr:dx8n qe(r(td;ww01,se azwio u):zat can be used to support the theory of evolutiwiozqz1r 0nr8d(xt,;()as wd:e w: eu on?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? -vvoxcyu u(2 :
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true ofmlb.1 yeult2au 53uogo 3, 7cr punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masa3), z l5bp6zffhed ,noi giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type offh6e5z ,of ndz)bp ,l3 selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the develo8b8h)jlbb g)p 2 e,vwhpment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as anhrj+nub w.6t l- 1krx; example when discussing inhjk6r lwx ;tu1n.+rb-dustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence fjr-g, -0w o4(/q wkrpqxp gh5ior evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fiqhu c :shf 1eol9bk8h,g+y0w0 nches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a caush eswc80 +fg1lhyk0ob,9 u:qh e for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a b1u0+6cubbl fvo:d 9c gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the followinb1f gu*35ysa v1mh0rl foq1u7 g is/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with dif7ylqm u5)s)e6;svgdl ferent antibiotics can be investigated. A s))uqs5; sm6ledlygv 7 tudy was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. Tnbs ) henfulqpl34,in r +2naagg+.)q .5mjl3he graph shows the propognl.)+lnna3i 4h.j5 m+ ,rpfsa 3lb2qgq n)eurtions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodo+z*5fprieh +ynta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the +i r5f+hepz*y trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysr w,q:,xozt1hj-f v8 qters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example f1qr,,-hqw8 jo: zv xtof?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structure-6w 40 edpygmsvq2 sqofg3;l(?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown beloww5xr:3qpo 3-dhhn .n k, which one is likely to be analogous?.p: nr3q xkhh5wnod-3

  Which are examples o9 qrxo ifh9gv6mnui5rllaa-h;*5 u 8+f directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selection?1gpjpo .ojlthm4o7 p.s en;/:

  Broad-leaved plants are often kk,3lj:pi66yr d a; h+ di2xrhfound near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adyd+hkj:ir6d6r,xhi2a3 l; pkaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best7rs;sa*x+q 4p wsu ge( adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants* jvt b:. trw(dcal;r(,egzb 3 with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of pla r*tbb.tac jd:le(;g,r3vz w (nts that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolutig8ulb3y6 -* v)grtkigz) .t fh 9xa7ston of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses *bt f-tgx387gs h) 6)lyu9 tir. kvzag(e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resulrp5ib-oy3oaurm2) y p m.o 5u,t in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which slv gn:2eae/ 2 v cf:k7:(rkjnnn -za0ehare a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of thesee2 7 2ngckz: eaan(rnvlf:0 vkn/ -ej: finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an ex-nulfrh5aet2 ;/-h q0fvf ee )ample of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natur h3xljcane. z6gi+ 3.suzt5 9aal selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of t(al;wv(hx j;9c5kpf1 3yp s ;hui4or ahe following best;sa54(p;hay c3f1khlj9u v; xowir (p describes the term evolutionary fitness?