What is the correct d rdw j5 y2kp(,:kf:)nla d mm.akc4)lxefinition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause cqeshud+ l+4 *zhanges to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and differ7kf) 1q,yts(8mm)ce zp*c:ocj.3j/up wakbb ence between natural selectionwp*c1) pabt mfk/ycoj.38 zu,)( cq7bskm je: and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betulary5 j0kx3oj3rk.du (d3 q2kax xia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the 3 dxkx2q3j0 r.j o(dkax k5uy3peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to s(5nyt* sls)pf0p kr4fupport the theory of evolutionnrl y*sf0 (5fs4p pk)t?

  Which statement(s) about natural selectionihuglba3w agp n 9jqm *5/q,/l-x9t5j is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is truojfre wuz+(bll+9 jh/ clb 8+))v8v fme of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adhbv;h)bmhyulw ;e6p (e p 14;uult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of se(b)epu;lhy ; 1 ph;m vb4u6hwelection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antib x6v 7uqwv57j hp89sjdiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betul:m x//. lrbrqraria) is often used as an example when discussing industrial mr mr/: /x.lqrbelanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evj 7ro7wxi 4vth;4zp nw,6afi 9vnpd0f*1p fx4 idence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches wit234gt e)uzudqc;d5nrj d-e3x mu tt1;h large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. Whg 45eeud1uuzd3jm2t ; ;qxr-ttnc 3)dat could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a geneego/aa +52ai g(2cy:ubqlrl i fu:k/ ; pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of sel5wj1srv+i94 b0(lezz1 gkq 9c) axvsocd r5/ iective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the eff9-uuj* rz (oyxklg.b -l f)os3ect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria fromx.*)jlsuo kyf --lrb9go( zu3 a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in5mnwxjx i88 lxb:7 1ef a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous am 7eif1bj: xnl885 xxwffected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of fema0sth jzh9: 1fxh/ g,szle African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection ex/shs 0,hz 9 tx:1hjgfzplain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend pvbyl6mehu a*8( ow ai:xt ;lr z7l/a++at67ginto rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured o/i l:7 beut7l ot66gmv*+w(pzra8;+ha x ly aaysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements b d59gg)yme 9paqnn47 nest describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelii*, sj 4kg3z oyxy/jn+mb shown below, which one is likely to be a4 xg+kjon/jy z*siy 3,nalogous?

  Which are examples of directix4dji4v a5 ;sional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natg05, rlhim40 tkem3fsural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the; fv/ts+8udru v 7ju/a ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptatf adu;8v /t 7/ju+suvrion?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapx 2h:rjg q1pfon((9ebh;i9 esre p (;tted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistanc 8tksd(ec rx9(e to herbivores may develop into a population of pl xrc89((d ektsants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolui lx53vqmjfq;l1w/+ltion of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modeqvfilm1 3j+; wl5lqx /rn day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in va/cw.sx/6x w8.ducmc driation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which sh6lvc )n vr,/x1iz ;pxaare a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these1 v l6xar,/;viznxc)p finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of specia-;*n glns,pnlxc2/ewcuk :7p q.ib u0tion?

1.Describe how mutatio z8pl3te( dxllu ft,/+ns can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to denj -p 9/ak*sf(k l;azhscribe adaptations. Which of the following best describes tzsh/a-f9 pja ln(;kk*he term evolutionary fitness?