What is the correct dx6 d/bj w *gjtqsh*d8-l1. apoefinition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause ,hj pdq-5oh )9o+rsbychanges to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identis2 nz5qh4q4yifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selectivnhzsi25q 4qy 4e breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees thatqwb73 yx2sgf6oabx0nu9, (gc the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the 96b(qg ,2uc o s7yx0fxwn3agb peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evid;e mp1t28nop yence that can be used to support the theory ompn8 1to 2py;ef evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural sel;equ 7msr-y4 kection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is trg6lf)qhk/ 4t)y9 wwzzue of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck ld v6kcygg zll2fq 482.ength of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is ly6d.lgq4 2 czfk2vg8shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development7r*g3tdnm rfn -(mnl* of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when di7lv70ini +brsscussing industrial mebi+i7v70lsr n lanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide ez g0ed v+)95j6 wqfmlrvidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beam ;f 54+favqp1qoaqb1ccv 30zks has increased relative to +qf1a0a4;zcp q 15qm3 fcv vobthe frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes tokrb h;1o9w7 7 pm/qfnq a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selectivxt2h+9;a9mx9r uuvkockz3 s 2e breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bae11xmrto;wtkdt(5/e uqs;5 k cteria with different antibiotics can be investigaek5 tw mo1;xeqtkt1ur;5 d/s (ted. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in ,rpibt)1/ jmn a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are hom/p,)1jnbt rmi ozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta af0)e nth xx 3mf5(6hfewricana) bornfnx56h ehwe(x)tf 3m 0 without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blenpiqf w5kr ft p-a;ce h0p02f8,d into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend bette pkh;8ewafr,-f 0q5p 0tpfic2r into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describ3*ljyg;x8 or9 yhn 7) 4iwsfwfc6k :baes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which onesscu vnj 1wz0il02y ) d.2ru9r is likely to be anals2y.u cn ) 0rj0z9uslr1vwdi2ogous?

  Which are examples of directional selectionn-7e+i bnhhk*?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of naturlzsidvqnd fx-dv * ;f;3y :67nal selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found fm1pua s/j.b)3e cv5cnear the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristi smuc5)ab3.fv1c pe/jc of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectargtvyekx7n 5b ;-b* t.r from flowers?

  A population of plan pz.kqy88. p0ij ih8uo roe39qts with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occzk8h0o3u8.ey qjor .9pi q pi8ur?

The diagram represents the evolut7y 5p; 6f 1olhynyzp/gion of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest 57 nzpyy/g 6f 1olph;yancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in va l/j - lkwmlv6dbs8nii 2a, g(8be+ei*riation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which -e ttra8xox5cc)llo lgpd mp 9/v 6*8;share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos 9)dc tr5el*a8/ 68clppvxo;tg l xmo- islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is ass gzgf we5l9wv76*(not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in naturr eemgvssf l,v; /8li.6ofl1; al selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is azfsp+m/twz(,ewe(73q3uxj zt s5 , mdo5 s8e w term used to describe adaptations. Which of the followiqz s/s,5p3ozw wmex uf5 7sw zjd,(8e et(+3tmng best describes the term evolutionary fitness?