What is the correct defilqh+r2 3qmos0t: qie3 nition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause cavvs: t5kp,+96 0xjqy g99z5niwft5ywu teb .hanges to the allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a sizx;yp-, s0jc ( d:sqefmilarity and difference between natural selection and selective breedinc(p- :z;x0yf dqss,ejg?

  As pollution levels rise, t15mtxf nd 5 6ryxkeh6g:(npl9he trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth p 656y gxtrx ekh dm:(nnpl195fopulation numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can e9g,yjr; mzn2be used to support the theory of evolution9r m g2znj;y,e?

  Which statement(s) about natural sel , g +ey4v-ubf;bol:ntection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibrium?lo ;zrd46w e8q

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai w(qz8apk xvk qd ;6n.3giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespa pwa. 6xvqknk8 q3z;(dn. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the developmeo/4 u )ouu2uy7f2dzl ent of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as ank( ldvdsn(am*ct3 +.n example when discussing industrial melani.a*cdd(m+vkn(lt ns3 sm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutionvg1w-m1 ecwm.?

  In a population of finches, the frequ,op *bjaj4c/dseo9 0i ency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. 4cbd*,p j soe0j oa/i9What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changesls*jou- a5yl 3 to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selec zf+wzj7g; nn71 e gd:av.wi,mtive breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacterirmaq1s/l4ct 3 a with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken e3s41qt/lcra mvery 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a x j4b+;s+yy.kmy-yf ocodominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous a4;k-s mjyx+yy b.yf+offected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the numberp;)( btsg)op0f,uw0o:y1yb. xs gjsi of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natgtsf w :g0xyi) joypsbb1;0.,p s o()uural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks iz lltl bviq7hyrmwyfa14 z,3, k,+/o 0n the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of? z 0vlt+ y,l/qy74if,,wh r 3amko1lzb

  Which of the following statemeeyfcgmlqxg)t +8w+ 1oq-b4q 1 nts best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shownt10 vf r5*( xf)e;(qr n3lin-tgtxcam below, which one is likely to be analogo* f)xafi1( 5qr(et -3tt0 cvxrmn;nlg us?

  Which are examples of direzcb x pzo*yv0 7y,8;9 bty 0jlc-anj:yctional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selectjhd * wibx1y+o .(hf/pion?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Whud(7 t d9xa*o55 ffqrbi9fo*qt(df55x aub rd 7ch characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for suck;tnf.d, g u)vpl mtxfrs1864r ing nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resista4 3av0c3dbb 5qc2hjphnce to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivoreq3hd 3c 2c4 phv5bb0ajs. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in tf ;b1 q(+iziiwhe forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses f i (zi1;w+bqi(e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resulttr9 5ehj) 3mjwtosq 52 in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 fincheb+0 roo wvu7xil9 ,:mws which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos,mo09 w b:x+irvul7ow islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an examp+aqd r)y6zqisetg )8aa5e9 /s 47u pvlle of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural select i1hocj+ n16cyion.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is kwprcz.n8 rhs. -;8/hmer-nj a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term ev mp.s;c/ h.-hnenr- 8jrwrz8k olutionary fitness?