What is the correct definition ofe0buv4sqx)*ex ,t aj;y (vw lggq( 2l7 a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a p3zz h1m( gltmsa 4)ba5opulation?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between r2 cnwy,*yrg,natural selection and selective breedin ,rc,ngwyr2 *yg?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the pu vz t8x q+4v0q9,mhgaeppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker.q v08gma,94uvt z+xqh What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used tocscn)6u azo aj9u c2.4 support the theory onzuja c6a .uc9c4o2 )sf evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural s +rj+agr9 v y;qswxq68election is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated eq4-vqggayuv(g ac//9p w)6o b yuilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck(j4k j:p jzl:. gwmki( length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by tk(gk :.4imjl:(jwjp zhe graph?

  Which of the following coufa.81l fqp h8sld lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston2om 02 ulmle-uyb 4zm 7s)ztn5y4vn+o betularia) is often used as an example when discussing industri 4v7zys0n 5yulm2olno zu-+ met2b4m)al melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolution?bgamej g9x6a:;8f8he

  In a population of finche ha q(sj;ku8c,s, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could hav( kah,us c;qj8e been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causb/q+nl vn0e8bkc: 0 kses of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are ni;paiacm e-v p2+ t+(example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different ant:.a5y rfjvt+nibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital dooyr5a.vt nj:f +r handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in rk+j/fo:j1xj a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygoujx /kjrfj1 +o:s affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the d.:lhyru 5kn4,sh d: lix/h k3number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selectu nhdyrh: lk,l/xk:d 5is.43hion explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in t5fd( cfvexyu3 yp: 8:fhe sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest u e8ff:xc35:(fp vyy dparts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structurx*fkfz zs n6 *w+c u,0jelxho30 6op5re?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, jkyc 5l+9(t4 z/hgycjwhich one is likely to be anal5( +h jgtccz/ k4y9yljogous?

  Which are examples of directionaleqx-au co l78d iwxz/cz//6u(btv ; g7 selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exampl2-0 skert1n sse of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are oftena ,z3y*obaxqunwu(s14w z6 v4 found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which azobv*n4,w q4 uw1z(xays3 6ucharacteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from flowers? ,kwg(7 u0iq6bhjkvr -

  A population of plants(irrq3o:-si i6a/pkd with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compou (i arpksr6:i-3/o diqnd toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot of horsr0r-q2iwjhg1 dqw )w n/la 9*ges from the oldest ancrr2w 9q l*-wwh/1ji0gqg )a dnestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variat /puplqrz 7,ukf5fh4 z*0j;zbion?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a common an-h b 5 7lxgpnzi;em:2hcestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finci; pgenx-hz5 lb72:mh hes are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of svlwn.ar eb;3xpll. 4 1o09gbjpeciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in )rgkf -g 81uuvnatural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used es5ed6bf,2 eq,sbqv6 to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary fbed26e5e,q vs bs6qf,itness?