What is the correct definitio-r b)tr7iof5l 65yvjin of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency withi23tz ga u y6kw*y9hy+xn a population?

  Which of the followin7f 3xkyybi8c)7 ytt-qg identifies a similarity and difference between natural seleyk3c xyq7 ty- bi7f8t)ction and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Bist,:mhr+9a h yyion betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered m+, h yr9yhima:oth population numbers?

  Which option lists exa m-a5*g ix9twgmples of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evolutio m-i9gwa5t xg*n?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are tru3k ivf95ul +catsv07 oe?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuad 3 z+zjhy7dcrxdg* 13ted equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai gnm/57+ o sfeo( huze9siraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. Wh7f h soue+9eoz5m/(sn at type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the developmente 1g16c.wqsutxo1, skatve1) of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia+jfe, w)os6vm ) is often used as an example when discussing industrial mewf,m 6veo )j+slanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence foq bw02xedb .y/mgh c55r evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency o n31) 9by*cz 7pdzyzbqf finches with large beaks has increased relative zn bz9cqd* p31 yb7z)yto the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible cautmh)j7deg0egc 0 c0x )ses of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are ex/6r:g3j ,5 cxwsod jqrample(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect o0o /pqu,5hncs f growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were ta0so h,qucn5p /ken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that ud/la,zi 2 *e5shwnx6d /e/i sis inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affectedwd*id 5u,anles/ hxse/6 iz 2/ (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Lox6mqqntpu rn,3 1vz2/;)aeg jsodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natur3nteqrs/v j,gzm612p n;a) qual selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters b ;y*lpp fsu+fgdu,)souo(7 t5 lend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepeyf57 d +otu,pu ;spfusog()l*st parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best -(-ky- x8e15cve rlgnjvf g;sdescribes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which on0li3x i, -juphba 18tke is likely to be anali- xklj30, i1b8tup haogous?

  Which are examples of directioe)b y xz34i m5 sxyfs g,dh6//5mab4lznal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selection?*zryhdr dwi hrw: 5-8o5g6zv3

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in troirb 8)vcok5r7 7e8 ssypical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaps57oirk bres8yv) 8c7tation?

  Which bird’s beak is best8;gc63(s.ajh 6wx j k 9u7 dqzeuuiu;bd,hs3w adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of planaz zk)agt5 l( ,576r1 xcujywzts with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this ch6wg rt5lkzu 5 a7zz(1)jc ayx,ange occur?

The diagram represents o6bz 2u*k(d9cwl;dy s the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from theo2z d 6y(*dlk9;suw cb oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result inx2b5 a5 topb n30man+b variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 1*d yr4e )ex i0bvs9fu88 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Gala8r xbd 9yfeu)0 i*4vsepagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example o2ps28csr b)r yf speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can res(mi a f99c :7rjgat;yxult in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Whi i5b30ls:bhxlch of the followi bs xl30hi:l5bng best describes the term evolutionary fitness?