Aquatic autotrophs requireqi)7of*ivc2 . g( uw2cass-ck inorganic carbon. In what forms is inorganic carbon present in aquatic csoa2. wig7-fisqc(u 2)* ckvecosystems?

  Which of the following1ess vx1u80;d euyj (8 ee8yvv correctly describes how energy is lost from ecosystems?

  What is the name of the process t+mq5: vy25evcu i+p zbl2jdut64gr0that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratg2qtyvr56 dmc0ul : 25vzue+b ji4t+pes?

  Which of the following statements are correct descripti9.jm ior fmowc62( 7ffons of food chains?

The diagram below shows a simplifigd kw7cez8.vw y,p6y7lgb: (qq/t8km ed scheme of the movement of carbon in the ocean.zl /8qq6,w gkp e8 ygktc(vmyw7 7db:.

Identify the processes marked I and II.

  The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need mp pdm*(nmmt+z:+jl 9 for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides m+:dzl9pjtm m+ pm(n* by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that fixes $N_2$​. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.


What would be a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image?

  There is continuous cyclin 4 4/zqfmql6rxg of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. Which is the main fq q4xm/6r lz4source of energy for the carbon cycle?

The food web below shows the feeding relationships in a soilf a8ybx1 aax2.kf/k wb )gce54 ecosystem.

Draw a food chain with five trophic levels.

  What units are typically used for px0i gd3gj,w 5yub*5hi-sy; y vyramids of energy?

  The image below shows an Arcez 2em/41*q*jfh jham-s 6i y0ymgpgn8mx (9xtic food web.

Which of the following organisms is not a heterotroph?

  Which of the following processes in the Carbon cycle requires the ga/kfo1 xgqrp+.w u;jx2,n9us s+.eglongest time?

  Which of the following statemfaqno yo5i/nl c;y3 *e*t2e:pents are true?
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  Which of the following diagrams shows the flow of energy in an ecosyso0su-fb0+:2zd t kia htem having four trophic levels? The size of each level represents energy values 0fithba0 suk-+2 : zod(in $kJm^{−2}yr^{−1}$) in the energy pyramids below.

  The figure below shows the flow of energq1*dp3h8lod nn. .(so(tf qcxy per area per year in an ecosystem.

Aproximately what percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers?

  Which of the organisms in the m-0hbrh2qfb9food web below is both a secondary and a tertiary consume r-0hbqf h9bm2r?

  Which of the following statements about greenhouse +1c(5imtspq wtiem2 0 gases is NOT true?

  Nutrients are constantly cxqm s29:pjr5tzjg(:3pw d*gsg8ztu5ycled in ecosystems, including in the atmosphere as a gaseous form. Which of the followis5gt9pzwqgm:p 2gzd: ( rj xs*3u5j t8ng elements is not found in the atmosphere?

  A student set up an aquatoo7 1pyn:l(q; w,*ot,gc2eogyc3jbb5iu+ kpic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The sg2yy7kg n * :oopoib3lc cjtw,;,b(oq51p u +etudent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?
I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Which of the following statements is an incorrect descriptionah ,k gd9t1,gvq9zw05ho 0m wt of energy flow in tma0, z 9hwqkhgo9 v0 ,15twgtderrestrial ecosystems?

The following diagram shows a trophicy ;i kj/jj ym/eg3f* otip;3f( level pyramid of energy.

1.Label the bottom (step A) and topmost steps (step D) of the pyramid to describe what types of organisms are present in the two levels.
2.State which trophic level can support the largest population of people, step A or step B?
3.Explain why animals at level D are most vulnerable to becoming extinct.

  

The diagram above shows a simplified diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean. Which of the following rows correctly identifies processes involved in the carbon cycle?

The following image shows the productivity of a small terrestrsm i+*j:3wg*rl d1onh ial ecosystem with the numbers showing then*m:+jrdwh 3gl*1so i flow of energy(kJm$^{-2}$yr$^{-1}$)

Net production = Gross production – energy lost to respiration
1.Outline how light energy is sequentially transformed into other forms of energy in the terrestrial ecosystem shown in the image.
2.Calculate the percentage of energy captured by the producers that is available to the secondary consumers in the ecosystem shown above.

  
What kind of fuels can be formed in conditions such as those shown in the picture above? The soil is anaerobic, acidic and waterlogged.

  Corals, oysters and sea urex5.pact;l7pgj06 f jchins use calcium carbonate to build their shells. Which of the following is NOT a source of carbon for these ocean-dwelling orp60g fla5 ex7jt;pc j.ganisms?

  The figure below shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arb qx+ 2jov3ww9hitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesiqwj 9hx 2ov+w3s, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.


What percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) is lost to decomposers by primary consumers?

  Which of the following s-yfg9cw1k -)o w(kxef tatements describe a chemoautotroph?
I. Bacteria and extremophiles living in hostile environments like hydrothermal vents
II. Organisms which obtain their energy from oxidation reactions and form organic molecules primarily from carbon dioxide
III. Chemoautotrophs are dependent on the Sun for survival

  The following graph shows the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide mkf1gvj-wr9ro eips hp8 937k;easured at Mauna Loa Observag k r9jf9pw17hipe-kv3;o rs8tory in Hawaii, USA.

Which of the following statements do not explain the rise and fall of the carbon dioxide levels shown in the graph above?

A student wants to set up an aquaticw8.j3 o.qebcr mesocosm using seawater to simulate conditions in the food web (soq8.b jwce.3 rhown in the image below) and test its stability. He used seawater and sand from the area to set up the system and added some small organisms to the mesocosm.

1.In the food web shown, identify an autotroph.
2.State a reason why phytoplankton shown in the food web would be a good addition to the mesocosm.
3.Discuss how saprotrophs perform a necessary function for the mesocosm.
4.Describe the disadvantages of using mesocosms in scientific investigations.

The following graphs show the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide ove 7s,h5;sf cmg; hesicsr80 4xs9nsr.gr time at Mauna Loa Onmsc7,cgshss59ig;0 ss.x 8; 4ref rhbservatory in Hawaii, United States.



1.Describe the overall trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over time.
2.State one factor that has significantly contributed to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration as seen in the graphs.
3.Explain why the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuates annually.

  Which of the following statements r -k kj c+6e49w 9kmd,dlhb2bcexplains the annual fluctuations of carbon dioxide in thd29d6m-br+ ,hkj4blk 9 ckewce atmosphere?

The image below shows global sea levels from the years :v g e4qppl 5cnw9q5f3tkb- e21880 to 2020.

1.There is a trend line showing changes in sea level from 1920 to 1960 and another trend line showing changes in sea level between 1980 and 2020. Describe the differences in sea level change between these two periods of time.
2.Outline the reasons for linking atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to the rise in sea levels.
Ecosystems growing in salt marshes are able to help reduce the effects of climate change by the sequestration (capture) of carbon. Sea level rise (SLR) has affected these ecosystems by flooding and eroding coastal areas.
The results from a recent study modelling the effects of a one-metre sea level rise on carbon sequestration by salt marshes in New York, United States, are shown in the graph below. The data shows the predicted effects by the year 2100.



3.Suggest an explanation for the difference in carbon sequestration between no SLR and one meter SLR, shown in the prediction graph.
4.Draw a diagram of the carbon cycle for a terrestrial ecosystem, and include carbon sinks, and processes associated with the cycle.

The diagram below shows the food web in a saltmt rmhe+7qg tz28l6t8 marsh, one of the most productive habitattm 7+68h mtgltqze28r s on Earth.


1.The numbers on the arrows show the percentage of gross primary production that flows into different trophic levels or is used in plant respiration.
2.Define gross and net primary production.
Identify the herbivores shown in the system.
3.If the energy available to consumers from producers in organic compounds is 300 g m$^{-2}$yr$^{-1}$(dry), calculate the amount of energy that is lost by export to the tide.1
4.(1)The table below shows the NPP for three trophic levels in a food web. Draw a pyramid of energy from the information in this table, labelling it appropriately with the trophic levels and corresponding NPP values (rounded to 3 significant figures as in the table).


(2)Outline a limitation of the ecological pyramid of energy.
5.Explain how a food web provides a more accurate representation of an ecosystem’s feeding relationships than a food chain.

1.Describe the process by which detritivores ayh ndi e:-vf+9nd saprotrophs obtain nutrition.
2.Describe how a quadrat can be used to estimate the population of poppies in a field.
3.Energy and nutrients move through ecosystems differently. Describe how energy and nutrients move through terrestrial ecosystems.

A student wanted to study how food chains ,/vrju9m( ./xp 7lm si4zl azein leaf litter can be affected by the mass of initial leaf litter added. The student placed an increasing mass of leaf litter in three different tree holes and waited a few weeks. To collect data, the student collected all the leaf litter and placed it in an apparatus, as shown below. The heat from the light bulb dried out the litter from above and the heat and light drove the invertebrates through the wire mesh to the beaker below. The invertebrates were collected, l/mmuva9(,j zxsz7e ripl./4the number of species counted, the species were identified and then they were put into their respective trophic groups.



1.(1)State the independent variable in the experiment.
(2)State the dependent variable in the experiment.
2.Suggest how the dry biomass of the leaf litter can be obtained.
3.Explain why using the dry biomass of leaf litter is advantageous to using the fresh biomass.


4.From the two graphs provided, describe the results of the experiment.

The image below shows a hydqgs70nn qkg-3a(k:u/ 7bq hyg rothermal vent deep in the oceans, where a diverse ecosystem is supported. A number oksnhq q:0agb g 7 nu/(73q-ygkf organisms thrive in these areas of high pressure and darkness.


1.State an example of a chemoautotroph that is likely to be found in the hydrothermal vent shown above.
2.Compare and contrast photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

1.Compare and contrast forests and marine phs6xpch(g9rgumg1gq7 )ioh1p4z: g : qytoplankton in their role in the carbon czs uogxr1q) g:hi qghc46m:g9p(1p7g ycle.
2.Describe how aquatic autotrophs absorb carbon dioxide from the surroundings.

The image shows a foodet4-vg2d r7wg c m lu;e:y63ok web in a salt marsh ecosystem.


1.Identify all the detritivores in the food web shown above.
2.Define secondary productivity.
3.Explain why energy is lost during the transfer from producers to herbivores.
4.Describe a method a farmer could use to estimate the gross primary productivity per month of his wheat crop.

1.Draw and label a trophic pyr)e ccfqrdp ijdpy95. 9 h//ng6amid of energy showing four levels.
2.Explain how the presence of a food web in an ecosystem makes it more stable than the presence of a single food chain.
3.The production and transfer efficiency of energy varies between ecosystems.
Describe how energy flows in and out of terrestrial ecosystems.

Dissolved $CO_2$
is increasing in standing waters of lakes and ponds. Research has shown this will impact the nutritional quality of phytoplankton (primary producers) and may further affect zooplankton (consumers) that feed on the phytoplankton.
Mesocosms were used to monitor three species of zooplankton, the water flea (Daphnia magna), the seed shrimp (Heterocypris incongruens) and the rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) under three different conditions of $CO_2$
in ponds and shallow lakes:
Treatment C - present day levels of $CO_2$, (control)
Treatment 1 - moderate increase of $CO_2$(possible future levels)
Treatment 2 - high increase of $CO_2$(more extreme future levels)
Glass jars filled with filtered pond water were injected with both carbon dioxide and air under pressure, and the representative species of zooplankton, water flea, seed shrimp or rotifer were added to the jars. They were monitored for survival, growth rate and body size over the next several days.
The image below shows the three species of zooplankton that were studied in the mesocosms.

The survival probability of the three species of zooplankton were monitored over several days in the mesocosms and the results are shown in the graphs below.


1.Giving a reason, predict which zooplankton is the least resilient to the effects of increased carbon dioxide.
2.Describe how using mesocosms for research is both an advantage and a disadvantage in predicting the effects of increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

1.Explain how limestone is made and describe th 4 b2a4rof4n1fxhje b4e role it plays in the carbon cyc1rbn o4244jf beahx4fle.
2.Oil and natural gas are extracted to be used as fuels. Describe the formation of oil and natural gas.
3.Nutrients are cycled in all ecosystems. Draw and label the carbon cycle showing at least four stores or sinks and at least four flows or processes.

  The following image is a graph obtained by plotting valu v(,p8n otwv *bxcfmvsj*.f0+ es for net primary productivity (x-axis) and the biomass of herbivores (y-axis). The black dots represent one biome and the grey dots reprco0tb.v+p(fx *j ,*mnfsv8 wvesent another biome.

The x-axis shows the increasing net primary productivity of biomes, and the y-axis shows the increasing biomass of herbivores. Which of the following choices correctly identifies the biomes represented in the graph above?

  The diagram illustrates the carbon cycl cp a4wmsa. 91qwq*5wye in a swamp. What is represented by the letters? .qq4aacmyws w59pw*1

  The diagram shows the carbon stored in some of E n:j2)v)sc*n8acc(rx9zxd b 4sf ahn/arth’s carbon reservoirs, and thf9nsnx2/v zcb)a)hc:n(8 a 4rcjsd*xe estimated annual carbon flux, in GT/yr, between reservoirs.

Which is a net flux between two reservoirs in the carbon cycle?