Aquatic autotrophs r f ;0sq. nsljm fx aemyvi k90j28g61qq+s7do6equire inorganic carbon. In what forms is inorganic carbon present in aquati 80vga. 1lkijyj0 s6so d6+fenf9q2q s7;m mxqc ecosystems?

  Which of the following correctly describes how energy is lost a1znz 90r;f oyfrom ecosystems?

  What is the name of the process thahokz /9*3/qr7 okw36qywwp vut converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbo7z63v hw3q/ ruoko /kqwp*y w9hydrates?

  Which of the following statements are correct descriptions ofz 4a9alks:7uh npx(, a food chains?

The diagram below shows a simplified scheme of the movement of ca v)3qb :*n ifr4nfi*qmrbon in the oceaffb n* q4qrn: i3m*)vin.

Identify the processes marked I and II.

  The illustration shows a rice cultivationqlf8t3 ,:mul;osr qjo dp.x8: system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algaer:o8 o q ,8 :jpqult;sdx3mf.l that fixes $N_2$​. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.


What would be a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image?

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to otheuk3.p*cjgab)gl k2 l.r carbon sinks. Which is the main source of energy f2k3.glpjuabc *)lk .gor the carbon cycle?

The food web below shows the feeding relationships in a soil ecosystem.y-e0u2 43r t36nmjyf r -xpatt

Draw a food chain with five trophic levels.

  What units are typically uod-7u*n tku:4o6 npjtsed for pyramids of energy?

  The image below shows an Arctic foo)obbq3o ksju ywc-8/of,lq8c 1 3f7cmd web.

Which of the following organisms is not a heterotroph?

  Which of the following p rb0a(/+/.zak)mo ur 5yzsjbvrocesses in the Carbon cycle requires the longest time?

  Which of the following statemz35yx1 1mcvf-f:kphs ents are true?
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  Which of the following diayi7s8ygr- e m2 jjw(h(mpk) +wgrams shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem having four trophic levels? The size o+m w8s-yi7 k( jewr)pgy2h j(mf each level represents energy values (in $kJm^{−2}yr^{−1}$) in the energy pyramids below.

  The figure below shows the flow of energy per area per year in 6u8,j 9ozf n+rsie/lgan ecosystem.

Aproximately what percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers?

  Which of the organisms in the food web below is both a secondary anda. 9w m9r7dlqs a tertiary consumr .qwa s99l7dmer?

  Which of the following statements abouef6-+pks tuoqf 3h4s8t greenhouse gases is NOT true?

  Nutrients are constantly chx 4*t t0z; u 1m(3uwhrmhjmm/ycled in ecosystems, including in the atmosphere as a gaseous form. Which mt1zjhm4ux( mwu30mhh*rt/ ; of the following elements is not found in the atmosphere?

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawat jh (a9gmkcoprl) se0(q+rf9i f:b1zo+guc6.er-filled glass orb, whichf s6.g+9 bpc juzro ()hkcr (+:ofiq109mgeal included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?
I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Which of the following statements is an incorrect description of energy flow inr 5tm.v2w wrl6m5;t wa terrestrialvt5wmw l5mr 2r.t;6a w ecosystems?

The following diagram shows a trophic levelknh-u-o4+s)i31mv kzo0t ya -blb (qi pyramid of energy.

1.Label the bottom (step A) and topmost steps (step D) of the pyramid to describe what types of organisms are present in the two levels.
2.State which trophic level can support the largest population of people, step A or step B?
3.Explain why animals at level D are most vulnerable to becoming extinct.

  

The diagram above shows a simplified diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean. Which of the following rows correctly identifies processes involved in the carbon cycle?

The following image shows the productivity of a small terrestria,cj44oniqwegk y 1s90l ecosystem with the numbers showing the flow of energy(kJm o knywsiecj,44 091gq$^{-2}$yr$^{-1}$)

Net production = Gross production – energy lost to respiration
1.Outline how light energy is sequentially transformed into other forms of energy in the terrestrial ecosystem shown in the image.
2.Calculate the percentage of energy captured by the producers that is available to the secondary consumers in the ecosystem shown above.

  
What kind of fuels can be formed in conditions such as those shown in the picture above? The soil is anaerobic, acidic and waterlogged.

  Corals, oysters and sea urchins use calcium carbonate to build their shells. W, *ua9tja3r;a/8aged mppb r1 hich of the following is NOT a source oe8rad/;*p ag91mpru b j t,aa3f carbon for these ocean-dwelling organisms?

  The figure below shows the flow of energy js sn 1- c80hmwk+p +e7j0wavcper unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained throughcsnpes0ac-+jh7m1 jww8v 0k + photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.


What percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) is lost to decomposers by primary consumers?

  Which of the following n812g8fi .n/fk nn csevrrx-7s68 cdl statements describe a chemoautotroph?
I. Bacteria and extremophiles living in hostile environments like hydrothermal vents
II. Organisms which obtain their energy from oxidation reactions and form organic molecules primarily from carbon dioxide
III. Chemoautotrophs are dependent on the Sun for survival

  The following graph shows the co*bufrx h 7:4pdncentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa Observator4 phuf r:b*x7dy in Hawaii, USA.

Which of the following statements do not explain the rise and fall of the carbon dioxide levels shown in the graph above?

A student wants to set up an aquatic mesoc(.7tl,tpgn) s/z d77 xkthxd yosm using seawater to simulate conditions in the food web (shown in the image below) and test its stability. He used seawater and sand from the area to set up the systex, d . ptx()7t7yhs7dkt/glnzm and added some small organisms to the mesocosm.

1.In the food web shown, identify an autotroph.
2.State a reason why phytoplankton shown in the food web would be a good addition to the mesocosm.
3.Discuss how saprotrophs perform a necessary function for the mesocosm.
4.Describe the disadvantages of using mesocosms in scientific investigations.

The following graphs show thvf8 s//t 4dyux;o jk5le concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over time at Mauna Loa Observatory idf5osyj/t/ x; 8uk4lvn Hawaii, United States.



1.Describe the overall trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over time.
2.State one factor that has significantly contributed to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration as seen in the graphs.
3.Explain why the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuates annually.

  Which of the following statements explains the annual fluctuations of carbf d/ 0* )-fadimu+sxggon dioxide in gs* dd+ffa 0g/ui)m- xthe atmosphere?

The image below shows global sea leveub2eisyv 4)ll,6 nj+y ls from the years 1880 to 2020.

1.There is a trend line showing changes in sea level from 1920 to 1960 and another trend line showing changes in sea level between 1980 and 2020. Describe the differences in sea level change between these two periods of time.
2.Outline the reasons for linking atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to the rise in sea levels.
Ecosystems growing in salt marshes are able to help reduce the effects of climate change by the sequestration (capture) of carbon. Sea level rise (SLR) has affected these ecosystems by flooding and eroding coastal areas.
The results from a recent study modelling the effects of a one-metre sea level rise on carbon sequestration by salt marshes in New York, United States, are shown in the graph below. The data shows the predicted effects by the year 2100.



3.Suggest an explanation for the difference in carbon sequestration between no SLR and one meter SLR, shown in the prediction graph.
4.Draw a diagram of the carbon cycle for a terrestrial ecosystem, and include carbon sinks, and processes associated with the cycle.

The diagram below shows the food web in a salt marsh, one ofdk 7skwf07t6yg6b yt30kg nx 7 the most productive habitats on Earthbd7g76kfwg7tkystn 06yk0 3x.


1.The numbers on the arrows show the percentage of gross primary production that flows into different trophic levels or is used in plant respiration.
2.Define gross and net primary production.
Identify the herbivores shown in the system.
3.If the energy available to consumers from producers in organic compounds is 300 g m$^{-2}$yr$^{-1}$(dry), calculate the amount of energy that is lost by export to the tide.1
4.(1)The table below shows the NPP for three trophic levels in a food web. Draw a pyramid of energy from the information in this table, labelling it appropriately with the trophic levels and corresponding NPP values (rounded to 3 significant figures as in the table).


(2)Outline a limitation of the ecological pyramid of energy.
5.Explain how a food web provides a more accurate representation of an ecosystem’s feeding relationships than a food chain.

1.Describe the process by which detritivores and saprotrophs obt c plw:vsd:m0o10cz3 pain nutrition.
2.Describe how a quadrat can be used to estimate the population of poppies in a field.
3.Energy and nutrients move through ecosystems differently. Describe how energy and nutrients move through terrestrial ecosystems.

A student wanted to study how food chains in leaf litter can be a86,achwli :;0hchu saffected by the mass of initial leaf litter added. The student placed an increasing mass of leaf litter in three different tree holes and waited a few weeks. To collect data, the student collected all the leaf litter and placed it in an apparatus, as shown below. The heat from the light bulb dried out the litter from above and the heat and light drove the invertebrates through the wire mesh to the beaker8ac hu0slhc;i :,6awh below. The invertebrates were collected, the number of species counted, the species were identified and then they were put into their respective trophic groups.



1.(1)State the independent variable in the experiment.
(2)State the dependent variable in the experiment.
2.Suggest how the dry biomass of the leaf litter can be obtained.
3.Explain why using the dry biomass of leaf litter is advantageous to using the fresh biomass.


4.From the two graphs provided, describe the results of the experiment.

The image below shows a hydrothermals7r(vw+8xzsb.m .o gw vent deep in the oceans, where a diverse ecosystem is supported. A number of organisms thrive in these areas of high pressurrz .vms.s8 w+w bg(xo7e and darkness.


1.State an example of a chemoautotroph that is likely to be found in the hydrothermal vent shown above.
2.Compare and contrast photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

1.Compare and contrast forests and marine2lmn fx,x5n a- phytoplankton in their role in the carbon cn-n5x, lx2af mycle.
2.Describe how aquatic autotrophs absorb carbon dioxide from the surroundings.

The image shows a food web in a salt:(xgz5k9zdw m marsh ecosystem.


1.Identify all the detritivores in the food web shown above.
2.Define secondary productivity.
3.Explain why energy is lost during the transfer from producers to herbivores.
4.Describe a method a farmer could use to estimate the gross primary productivity per month of his wheat crop.

1.Draw and label a trophic pyramidbeo(5p+oa-6ezz, , zhr 6qpou of energy showing four levels.
2.Explain how the presence of a food web in an ecosystem makes it more stable than the presence of a single food chain.
3.The production and transfer efficiency of energy varies between ecosystems.
Describe how energy flows in and out of terrestrial ecosystems.

Dissolved $CO_2$
is increasing in standing waters of lakes and ponds. Research has shown this will impact the nutritional quality of phytoplankton (primary producers) and may further affect zooplankton (consumers) that feed on the phytoplankton.
Mesocosms were used to monitor three species of zooplankton, the water flea (Daphnia magna), the seed shrimp (Heterocypris incongruens) and the rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) under three different conditions of $CO_2$
in ponds and shallow lakes:
Treatment C - present day levels of $CO_2$, (control)
Treatment 1 - moderate increase of $CO_2$(possible future levels)
Treatment 2 - high increase of $CO_2$(more extreme future levels)
Glass jars filled with filtered pond water were injected with both carbon dioxide and air under pressure, and the representative species of zooplankton, water flea, seed shrimp or rotifer were added to the jars. They were monitored for survival, growth rate and body size over the next several days.
The image below shows the three species of zooplankton that were studied in the mesocosms.

The survival probability of the three species of zooplankton were monitored over several days in the mesocosms and the results are shown in the graphs below.


1.Giving a reason, predict which zooplankton is the least resilient to the effects of increased carbon dioxide.
2.Describe how using mesocosms for research is both an advantage and a disadvantage in predicting the effects of increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

1.Explain how limestone is made and describe the w1j3jcu 4qc0krole it plays in the carbon cycl4w0q cj j3u1cke.
2.Oil and natural gas are extracted to be used as fuels. Describe the formation of oil and natural gas.
3.Nutrients are cycled in all ecosystems. Draw and label the carbon cycle showing at least four stores or sinks and at least four flows or processes.

  The following image is a graph obtained byw 3w3a3c4rcrb4w6yid plotting values for net primary productivity (x-axis) and the ac 4wcrw6w33 br4iy3dbiomass of herbivores (y-axis). The black dots represent one biome and the grey dots represent another biome.

The x-axis shows the increasing net primary productivity of biomes, and the y-axis shows the increasing biomass of herbivores. Which of the following choices correctly identifies the biomes represented in the graph above?

  The diagram illustrates the carbon cycle in a swamp. Whavi9ynx3tu gr;)1cf2z+n b/ lpt is represented by the lettersnr2z vnb)ytx/g l;pi9+c1u 3f?

  The diagram shows the n*q(5onz bm5y3e o/t 3obb m0scarbon stored in some of Earth’s carbon reservoirs, and the estimated annual carbon flux, inmsm53nnb0*to(qb 3/ 5e yozob GT/yr, between reservoirs.

Which is a net flux between two reservoirs in the carbon cycle?