IB Psychology HL Cognitive Approaches to Human Behaviour

1#

第 1 题组 (共 22 题 22 分)

The process of transforming incoming information into a mental construct a;u zl ,s -1kmd3os.oztnd placed in,s-;us l.tm ok3zzo1d the brain as memory is called

A. Encoding

B. Storage

C. Retrieval

D. None of the above

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2#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which cognitive process is closely related h/80f)fn9 ry wbm;bk aoi)v .mto the activation and use of schemas in the )fv0.a9 ;obnmb i/r wmfh)k8y brain?

A. Reflex actions

B. Processing of visual information

C. Making decisions

D. Balance and coordination

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3#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The working memory model by Baddeley & Hitch is focused on yj7mn1zfpv6c05i 5 vc which stage of memory?cz vi 5m1p5n76cj0yvf

A. Sensory memory

B. Short term memory

C. Long term memory

D. None of the above

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4#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes Systeqk 2pj0) fwvnfp01 +tnm 2 thinking?

A. Intuitive, instinctive, based on gut feelings and past experiences.

B. Quick, automatic, and effortless.

C. Emotional, impulsive, and irrational.

D. Deliberate, analytical, and effortful.

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5#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes System +sh(b c41ufgyl ;3kem1 thinking?

A. Slow, serial, effortful, consciously monitored, deliberately controlled.

B. Fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit, emotionally charged.

C. It is the idea that thinking and decision-making are separate concepts.

D. Intuitive, instinctive, based on gut feelings and past experiences.

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6#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

How does information transfer from pxelc it;** .k7onuf4 sensory to short-term memory according to Atkinson & Shiffrin's multpto*ifk;. * 4nl7cuexi-store model of memory?

A. Through decay

B. Through rehearsal

C. Through attention

D. Through retrieval

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7#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes the dual process modz:rk;ew) kt.,j9o ow fel of thinking and decision-making?

A. It is the model that says humans always make rational decisions.

B. It is the model that says thinking and decision-making are separate concepts.

C. It is the model that says there are two distinct types of thinking: intuitive and rational.

D. It is the model that says there are two separate cognitive processes at play when humans make decisions.

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8#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes the capacity t ky9and6:r p+g( vg)er0lq4k of short-term memory?

A. Unlimited

B. An average of 7±2 items

C. May change due to individual differences

D. Cannot be identified

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9#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which component of the working memory model is responsible for holding and manipf r;*hbh ,hhg.c5t+qeulating auditt 5gehb.;h hrf*q hc,+ory information?

A. Central executive

B. Phonological loop

C. Visuospatial sketchpad

D. Sensory register

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10#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which type of memory is the morfw* yfotb,j/9o9z4s;v cs. zst resistant to decay over time and is relatively staby f 4t;zvrbz, .o sco*f99jsw/le throughout life?

A. Explicit memory

B. Episodic memory

C. Semantic memory

D. Procedural memory

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11#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

In the context of the two-system view of thinking, what is an example of a cvvw2)yrbcg +wjf :sq7)a4z7iognitive task that requires controlled thinking:a7)vqg2 ycr iw+wf4vs7bj )z ?

A. Riding a bicycle

B. Deciding under uncertainty

C. Detecting a scent

D. Noticing a colour

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12#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内12/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which thinking style involves judgv0kqqfl3hk6a))u u b ;i-c :6tw sfcy7ments that directly reflect impressions and are not modified by conscious q6katw3i )yh f )k0- s;ucuv:l7fq6 cbmonitoring?

A. Intuitive thinking

B. Rational thinking

C. Automatic thinking

D. Controlled thinking

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13#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内13/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below xv/ lj5bah v+7are the limitations of the multi-store memory mode/bv j7a5 hlxv+l?

A. It lacks ecological validity and does not explain the complexities of memory.

B. The model needs to be updated, and its explanations of memory only apply to some.

C. Studies do not strongly support it, and it does not apply to older individuals.

D. The model is complicated to use in various contexts.

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14#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内14/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the options provided is not a critique of5-dtpyw f+nf,z /0jjp the schema theory?

A. The physical mechanisms through which schemas operate in the brain are not observable.

B. The process by which the schema is formed and established in the brain remains uncertain.

C. The schema theory does take emotional memories into consideration.

D. The schema theory is limited because of its ambiguous explanation of how memory works.

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15#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内15/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of dual-task techa g5)9hdgg fo:niques in researchdf:5ha o9g)gg on the working memory model?

A. To investigate the capacity limitations of sensory memory.

B. To explore the role of long-term memory in cognitive tasks.

C. To examine the division of attention and the limitations of working memory.

D. To assess the effectiveness of rehearsal strategies in memory encoding.

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16#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内16/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following scenarrv cs1/ . (svzyrs0x5s,n;x imios best exemplifies the process of accommodation ba0icvm x y(ss. x; ,vrsz5snr1/sed on Piaget's schema theory?

A. A child uses their current knowledge of dogs to identify a horse as a ‘big dog’.

B. A child modifies his understanding of gravity after observing a ball falling at different speeds.

C. A child incorporates new information about birds into his current schema of ‘flying animals’.

D. A child repeats multiplication tables to reinforce existing mathematical skills.

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17#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内17/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Cognitive schemas are best described ur1, .00j nhif2wkjhgas:

A. Innate, genetically determined structures of the brain.

B. Automatic and unconscious mental processes.

C. Frameworks of knowledge and beliefs that organise and interpret information.

D. Strategies used to improve memory and problem-solving skills.

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18#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内18/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is nov1d gg dz vwgbff*9(/-k qmky mnt/*9)t a principle of cognitive approach?

A. Biases in cognitive processes can be systematic and predictable.

B. Cognitive processes don’t function in isolation.

C. Mental processes can be studied scientifically.

D. Behaviour is the product of physiology.

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19#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内19/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is a c4 kd( hn+q sdyzc4ghm1h09;o sognitive model/theory?

A. Dual-processing model

B. Social identity theory

C. Globalization

D. Animal model

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20#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内20/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is the correct explanation of the 0m0)p)vp zrr9sqkl a4 serial position effect?

A. It is the tendency to recall the middle and last items better than the first items in the list.

B. It is the tendency to recall the first and last items on a list better than the items in the middle section.

C. It is the tendency to recall the first items on a list better than the other items.

D. It is the tendency to recall the last items on a list better than the other items.

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21#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内21/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below can be used as a counterargument to;f;)el z cw- t(ib:zeb the multi-store model of mzlt;eifb)e-z ;:(c wb emory?

A. Bottom-up and top-down processing

B. Schema processing

C. Levels of processing

D. Normative model

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22#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内22/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which type of schema is commonly linked to the negative th 3f(k*h 7m)hfm ,plmjxg.yvo0inking patterns outlined in Beck’s Theory of Depressiomxlj03v g fhk*)(p.m ohf, m7yn?

A. Script schema

B. Self-schema

C. Social Schema

D. Event schema

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23#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 2 题组 (共 11 题 11 分)

Why is memory recall considzn0*c-x )id vql7w5 e:u cia8pered reconstructive?

A. Because it involves retrieval of information that was once stored.

B. Because it is like mental record or a video of past events.

C. Because it can be influenced by a variety of factors such as preconcieved notions and schemas.

D. Because memory stores significant events.

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24#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which statement best describes thd1 jf2yvjy 6w9lu* t rd37)dulm-lx/ qe misinformation effect in eyewitness testimony?2 )q-73jwd v*lrxymuld1j6/fl y dt9 u

A. Eyewitnesses are more likely to remember information accurately if they discuss the event with others who have experienced it.

B. Eyewitnesses' memories of an event can be altered or distorted by misleading information presented after the event.

C. Eyewitnesses' memory of an event tends to improve over time.

D. Eyewitnesses' confidence in their memory of an event is always a reliable indicator of its accuracy.

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25#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What was the central focus of Tversky and Kahneman's (1974) research on cchm i2z*t4n1dd) b6z i*ys,ulognitive biaz*1t*miu2)6iy lh ,sd 4cznbdses and decision-making?

A. Developing the dual process model of thinking and decision-making

B. Understanding intuitive judgments in situations involving risks and uncertainty

C. Understanding the limits of working memory on people's ability to compute optimal decisions

D. Developing a model for behavioural economics.

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26#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Below are factors that usually affect the availability heuristic e4 .pnztcjnur n3i61 s:xcept for

A. Family upbringing

B. Political affiliation

C. Exposure to advertising

D. Exposure to news or media coverage

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27#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Loftus developed a study in 1997 which aimed to pla9zwr6(-oykyuenz, /p hz,grn t.6 7btnt a false memory of being lostkuw 7o yzt6nz6yp-r (, zeh/.,9b gtrn in a mall. Results indicated that a portion of the participants claimed to remember the false event after a series of interviews.
Based on Loftus' research, how can false memories be implanted?

A. By asking leading questions

B. By asking people to narrate their stories and retell them

C. By suggesting and confabulating information

D. By changing the words used in a sentence (e.g using the word crash in replacement of hit)

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28#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

When determining the value of a vintage watch, an individual is ind7nljtq t 21: .. zd,rbym*eslfluenced by the seller's in ybdts1. *e :dzqm j,l.rlt27nitial asking price. This is an example of

A. Confirmation bias

B. Availability heuristic

C. Hindsight bias

D. Anchoring bias

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29#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by which ixy)/g (yuwg79l5an aof the following researcher/sy(u5ln/aw xgy)aig79 ?

A. Tschirgi

B. Tversky and Kahneman

C. Huber, Payne and Puto

D. Chapman and Chapman

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30#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is not a str2njjvr, 5 zmc1:vci+ hategy for the adaptive decision-maker framework by Payne, Bettman and Joc v+ nhcm,jr:1zv5i2 jhnson (1993)?

A. Utility theory

B. Lexicographic strategy

C. Lexicographic strategy

D. Elimination by aspects

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31#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

How were the findings ; fytg6,g qheo5;jcp9 of Loftus and Palmer’s study interpreted in relation to the reconstructive na;6t fqj ,ph9ge5;goycture of memory?

A. The participants showed response bias and memory change

B. The participants were misled to remember certain information

C. The participants lacked memory rehearsal

D. The participant responses showed the transfer of information from sensory to long-term memory

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32#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Some studies on eyewi3n,af xxrjze, 71p z,ftness testimonies are conducted in naturalistic settings. Which of, xrz1f7an, 3fp,e zjx the following is a limitation of these settings?

A. Lack of population validity

B. Lack of internal validity

C. Lack of generalization

D. Lack of reflexivity

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33#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

When a person vividly remembers a particular incident which is accompaniedx jh- (2/c jnq hx*zrg6)unjr. by a strong emotional jgn 6)h zr-uc x(xjnh*q./rj2reaction, it is known as

A. Sensory memory

B. Eyewitness testimony

C. Flashbulb memory

D. Reconstructive memory

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34#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 3 题组 (共 6 题 6 分)

What two components makeup Schacti h,lj)bmaj.s1*--w .d ba umxer and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion?

A. The environment & cognitive appraisal of the environment

B. Cognitive appraisal & the emotional appraisal

C. Physical arousal & cognitive appraisal

D. Emotional arousal & physical stimulus

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35#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is considered to be a main methodological issue in Brown & Kulik's (1977) r 1:phsjuv8tu 8esearch on flashbulb t8upu 81vjh s:memory?

A. They used a limited sample size.

B. Their sample is prone to gender bias, not having equal male and female participants.

C. They did not use brain imaging techniques to investigate flashbulb memory in the brain.

D. Their use of self-report questionnaires makes it difficult to verify the accuracy of one's memories.

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36#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What role does the amygb qw)wtrr47h r-z.c k5dala play in memory?

A. It takes over the memory encoding process from the hippocampus but focuses only on the emotional stimuli.

B. It acts as a ‘gatekeeper’ by controlling which sensory inputs are processed in the hippocampus through the subcortical structures.

C. As a component of the interconnected memory system with the hippocampus, the amygdala regulates the sensory inputs processed in the hippocampus through subcortical structures.

D. It directs automatic or unconscious responses to emotional stimuli while linking sensory information with long-term memory in the cerebral cortex.

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37#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which emotion needs to be triggeyo*qnq8:g.4d 5sjli kred for flashbulb memories to be created?

A. Anger

B. Sadness/Grief

C. Surprise

D. Happiness/ Joy

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38#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below outlines the function of the amygdala in relatiuzmlnew;) k*bl (z1u/ on to flashbulmu lb(n)k l/uzze;w1* b memories?

A. Activation of the amygdala enhances memory consolidation by facilitating neural plasticity.

B. Activation of the amygdala leads to a reduction of neural pathways, leading to poor flashbulb memory.

C. Amygdala does not interfere in the formation of flashbulb memories.

D. The amygdala regulates the body’s emotional response.

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39#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following hormones play a role in the activation kbxnk /9:na1rff.lmti x0. 5p of the amygdala?

A. Testosterone

B. Growth hormones

C. Progesterone

D. Adrenaline

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40#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 4 题组 (共 6 题 6 分)

Which best describes t3t*axof(g9 fqb* l.mshe ‘Google Effect’?

A. The impact of search engines on online advertising

B. The negative consequences of excessive internet usage on cognitive abilities

C. The propensity to forget easily accessible information due to search engines

D. The improved memory recall resulting from the availability of external information sources

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41#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is the common effect of repeated exposure ;.nqsu pm vux2btc/j+ uvp+92to fake news or false information on social media on2n;pcsvux+ 92pqu ju/ +tmb.v a person's memory?

A. It increases the likelihood of false information being remembered as false.

B. It increases the likelihood of false information being remembered as true.

C. It increases the likelihood of false information being shared.

D. It has no observed effect based on research.

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42#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Compared to other studies exwl0;c5/80cqcgyb9jx, p der q ploring the effects of digital technology on cognitive proces;8 00 dcw95re/x qqcc ybgjpl,ses, what distinguishes Sparrow et al.'s (2011) research?

A. The study generated more generalisable results due to its use of a larger sample size compared to previous studies.

B. Unlike most studies that rely on correlations or self-reports, this study utilizes experimental methodology.

C. The student interviewed students who were active in terms of their internet.

D. They used correlational data which effectively illustrated the associations between the use of digital technology and behaviour.

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43#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is a methodological consideration one should take into account usmooz4 3) :jkwhen researching about social media and humaj3u m)zkso: 4on behaviour?

A. Experimental methods are prevalent in researching social media usage, which enables the identification of cause-effect relationships.

B. Privacy concerns are a significant consideration in any research on social media usage.

C. The extent of research on social media usage is restricted by the data provided by the major technology companies.

D. Research into social media usage is susceptible to participant reactivity and may impact the accuracy of the findings.

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44#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following research methods is appropriate tod6m4 o8r wvq(o study the effect of technology on co8vo4d 6 rmw(qognition?

A. Observation

B. Field experiment

C. Laboratory experiment

D. Surveys

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45#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Identify which of thep4tm, a(lhv33rd hy3s;xmg1phv6r w/ options below best explains the link between the Google effec36ldhs/r3vhaw4 m vm3( typ rp;,xg1h t and transactive memory.

A. People now tend to excessively rely on the internet as an external memory store.

B. People do not evaluate or cross-check information from the internet with other sources.

C. People consider information from the internet as safe and reliable more than their own memory.

D. The ease and availability of the internet as an external memory store has made people less reliant on their own memory.

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