IB Psychology HL Cognitive Approaches to Human Behaviour

1#

第 1 题组 (共 22 题 22 分)

The process of transforming incoming information into a mental :xh9mlhw+kvsge1 s *( construct and placed in the brain as 9k egh1w*m:+lsh( xs vmemory is called

A. Encoding

B. Storage

C. Retrieval

D. None of the above

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2#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which cognitive process is closely related to the activation and use of schema .yt/qd7 fwng e3.qs/cs in the brc7d n.ysfge3 ./wq/tqain?

A. Reflex actions

B. Processing of visual information

C. Making decisions

D. Balance and coordination

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3#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The working memory model by Baddeley & Hitch is focused on which stage of2 zoe5dzfaj 3y r8oi -w1r0d8s memory?rz03 fo8wa5 d1di-s2o8 zry je

A. Sensory memory

B. Short term memory

C. Long term memory

D. None of the above

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4#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes System 2 thinking81a97ap3cwsi cqx q gk*: js8h?

A. Intuitive, instinctive, based on gut feelings and past experiences.

B. Quick, automatic, and effortless.

C. Emotional, impulsive, and irrational.

D. Deliberate, analytical, and effortful.

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5#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes System 1 thbi 21h5mc7g l+l+nbafinking?

A. Slow, serial, effortful, consciously monitored, deliberately controlled.

B. Fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit, emotionally charged.

C. It is the idea that thinking and decision-making are separate concepts.

D. Intuitive, instinctive, based on gut feelings and past experiences.

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6#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

How does information transfer from sensory to short-term memory ajvkow4111a w,qgn /;s mc*psdccording to Atkinson & Shiffrin's multi-store model of memory?qmg 1wpwv;*j ,1s/dk ca4 ns1o

A. Through decay

B. Through rehearsal

C. Through attention

D. Through retrieval

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7#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes the dual proqcg 3prha *yumqty6l sz ;-5*5cess model of thinking and decision-making?

A. It is the model that says humans always make rational decisions.

B. It is the model that says thinking and decision-making are separate concepts.

C. It is the model that says there are two distinct types of thinking: intuitive and rational.

D. It is the model that says there are two separate cognitive processes at play when humans make decisions.

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8#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes the capacity of short-t7x zelja ovdv00 0is.-erm memory?

A. Unlimited

B. An average of 7±2 items

C. May change due to individual differences

D. Cannot be identified

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9#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which component of the worg,s ci)want5.)5t cx -n0- 5hwq raknlking memory model is responsible for holding and manipulating auditory informhaqn5.-0cnl5xcstitw g,)aw)5k- r nation?

A. Central executive

B. Phonological loop

C. Visuospatial sketchpad

D. Sensory register

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10#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which type of memory is the3db7malxs qa ts;c/4 d27ny;c most resistant to decay over time and is relatively stablet7cdambqx3;y ;7l sc2 n/sa4d throughout life?

A. Explicit memory

B. Episodic memory

C. Semantic memory

D. Procedural memory

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11#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

In the context of the two-system view of thinking, what is 3l odzs7h3cc)1beg5,qn1wwo an example of a cognitive tas owns,w3bzq1c37deo)1 cg lh5k that requires controlled thinking?

A. Riding a bicycle

B. Deciding under uncertainty

C. Detecting a scent

D. Noticing a colour

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12#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内12/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which thinking style invx t44maq*jxzx6 5ezz,4 9m sxcolves judgments that directly reflect impressions and are not m ,zmxs q9xe4ja4x 4txm z*6z5codified by conscious monitoring?

A. Intuitive thinking

B. Rational thinking

C. Automatic thinking

D. Controlled thinking

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13#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内13/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choic7r.2d 5bwc8lppvzy h/n: j dz4es below are the limitations of the multi-store memory model?p5nz8y:wvb7 hp24cr/dl zjd.

A. It lacks ecological validity and does not explain the complexities of memory.

B. The model needs to be updated, and its explanations of memory only apply to some.

C. Studies do not strongly support it, and it does not apply to older individuals.

D. The model is complicated to use in various contexts.

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14#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内14/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the options provided is not a crd7iqgn+b+.6; idpfr iitique of the schema theory?

A. The physical mechanisms through which schemas operate in the brain are not observable.

B. The process by which the schema is formed and established in the brain remains uncertain.

C. The schema theory does take emotional memories into consideration.

D. The schema theory is limited because of its ambiguous explanation of how memory works.

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15#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内15/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of dual-talm 8s-sa0gtk:dj 71vfmx+ xj3sk techniques in research on the working mj:01xxjs8m7g3-ksvta+ mfdl emory model?

A. To investigate the capacity limitations of sensory memory.

B. To explore the role of long-term memory in cognitive tasks.

C. To examine the division of attention and the limitations of working memory.

D. To assess the effectiveness of rehearsal strategies in memory encoding.

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16#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内16/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following scenarios best kr h23tdyh6t 5 efsn.d2wzh9 4exemplifies the process of accommodation based on Piaget's n 4skrde f3.29htzyh652h dwt schema theory?

A. A child uses their current knowledge of dogs to identify a horse as a ‘big dog’.

B. A child modifies his understanding of gravity after observing a ball falling at different speeds.

C. A child incorporates new information about birds into his current schema of ‘flying animals’.

D. A child repeats multiplication tables to reinforce existing mathematical skills.

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17#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内17/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Cognitive schemas are best described asqdo p8i(uti8msitbs/++e ;t / :

A. Innate, genetically determined structures of the brain.

B. Automatic and unconscious mental processes.

C. Frameworks of knowledge and beliefs that organise and interpret information.

D. Strategies used to improve memory and problem-solving skills.

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18#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内18/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is not a 7ci0v, jaj/r ip+;zok principle of cognitive approach?

A. Biases in cognitive processes can be systematic and predictable.

B. Cognitive processes don’t function in isolation.

C. Mental processes can be studied scientifically.

D. Behaviour is the product of physiology.

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19#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内19/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is a cogni6zmwp/cocnb-) jes91tive model/theory?

A. Dual-processing model

B. Social identity theory

C. Globalization

D. Animal model

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20#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内20/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is the correct explanation of u(b6n zv85swxvl-13egwn2 tg the serial position effect?

A. It is the tendency to recall the middle and last items better than the first items in the list.

B. It is the tendency to recall the first and last items on a list better than the items in the middle section.

C. It is the tendency to recall the first items on a list better than the other items.

D. It is the tendency to recall the last items on a list better than the other items.

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21#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内21/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below can be used ahi2e 4r,c3 -jn y0qqcls a counterargument to the multi-store moi03cr 4yq- ncjqe 2,hldel of memory?

A. Bottom-up and top-down processing

B. Schema processing

C. Levels of processing

D. Normative model

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22#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内22/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which type of schema is commonly linked to the s t8h( 1m6le1l4om;msm a +dyonegative thinking patterns outlined in Beck’s Theory of Depressio8selmaos1m(o d4mt6 l+;m1h yn?

A. Script schema

B. Self-schema

C. Social Schema

D. Event schema

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23#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 2 题组 (共 11 题 11 分)

Why is memory recall consi:4gw 2fy(8v b lmbi-rxdered reconstructive?

A. Because it involves retrieval of information that was once stored.

B. Because it is like mental record or a video of past events.

C. Because it can be influenced by a variety of factors such as preconcieved notions and schemas.

D. Because memory stores significant events.

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24#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which statement best describes the misinformatio/p t/6pmc:m7kn cgl. un effect in eyewitness testimony? /m/p: 7npumt .c6glck

A. Eyewitnesses are more likely to remember information accurately if they discuss the event with others who have experienced it.

B. Eyewitnesses' memories of an event can be altered or distorted by misleading information presented after the event.

C. Eyewitnesses' memory of an event tends to improve over time.

D. Eyewitnesses' confidence in their memory of an event is always a reliable indicator of its accuracy.

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25#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What was the central focus of Tversky and Kahneman'uz82ckhso q*puqt1zl-.ik8 p+/4su 9g y o3bjs (1974) research on cognitive biucpz 8k8ob4quzt ui1pj3sq *+k 2o.yglh-9/sases and decision-making?

A. Developing the dual process model of thinking and decision-making

B. Understanding intuitive judgments in situations involving risks and uncertainty

C. Understanding the limits of working memory on people's ability to compute optimal decisions

D. Developing a model for behavioural economics.

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26#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Below are factors that usualld0 snaz 1 (znk8x1gx4yy affect the availability heuristic except for

A. Family upbringing

B. Political affiliation

C. Exposure to advertising

D. Exposure to news or media coverage

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27#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Loftus developed a study in 1997 waa6qb, 8ggbjrv91tn .hich aimed to plant a false memory of being lost in a mall. Results indicated that ba6a8gv, 9 tjgbr.1qn a portion of the participants claimed to remember the false event after a series of interviews.
Based on Loftus' research, how can false memories be implanted?

A. By asking leading questions

B. By asking people to narrate their stories and retell them

C. By suggesting and confabulating information

D. By changing the words used in a sentence (e.g using the word crash in replacement of hit)

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28#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

When determining the value of a vinac6ngl f;x: 2aak jt*jk5v;x 2tage watch, an individual is influenced by thn 6ckl2f*kg;vjxat xja 2a5;:e seller's initial asking price. This is an example of

A. Confirmation bias

B. Availability heuristic

C. Hindsight bias

D. Anchoring bias

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29#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by which of the following resqbzv7d ri4x0;3w pwinad e:8 8earch:qwpdvand3887xe;i 4ib r0zwer/s?

A. Tschirgi

B. Tversky and Kahneman

C. Huber, Payne and Puto

D. Chapman and Chapman

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30#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is not a strategy for the adaptive decision-maker fh623w08r7yccij(v rry2 bl s cramework by Payne, Bettman aw3l6 28v7h(r cyy0crci 2sbjr nd Johnson (1993)?

A. Utility theory

B. Lexicographic strategy

C. Lexicographic strategy

D. Elimination by aspects

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31#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

How were the findings of Loftus and Palmer’s study interpreted ij hl em)3x 4(;orjrj92ff;pl cn relation to the reconstructi4;r) e rl3;xm c2o9hj(pffljjve nature of memory?

A. The participants showed response bias and memory change

B. The participants were misled to remember certain information

C. The participants lacked memory rehearsal

D. The participant responses showed the transfer of information from sensory to long-term memory

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32#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Some studies on eyewitness testimu.y5 f70dk ozb)h-alpw: nio,lu 04.akey b +yonies are conducted in naturalistic settings. Which of the following is a limitation yi5kyupbo d,lfk a+ n.70-.)b 4 olyu:ahwze0of these settings?

A. Lack of population validity

B. Lack of internal validity

C. Lack of generalization

D. Lack of reflexivity

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33#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

When a person vividly remembersu9 l1 7lae5a hi.bjpz9jw0u o5 a particular incident which is accompanied by a strong emotional reaction, it is7juj5 .u0lbie9a9lph1z5oa w known as

A. Sensory memory

B. Eyewitness testimony

C. Flashbulb memory

D. Reconstructive memory

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34#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 3 题组 (共 6 题 6 分)

What two components mc fl, k.*.o;2ceqz gppj.(be kyau+b ,akeup Schacter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion?

A. The environment & cognitive appraisal of the environment

B. Cognitive appraisal & the emotional appraisal

C. Physical arousal & cognitive appraisal

D. Emotional arousal & physical stimulus

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35#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is considered to be a o61el;f f)xz2ba dcru( t0ta :main methodological issue in Brown & Kulik's (1977) research on flas6a(bcu atf)r 012xd;ftoe:zlhbulb memory?

A. They used a limited sample size.

B. Their sample is prone to gender bias, not having equal male and female participants.

C. They did not use brain imaging techniques to investigate flashbulb memory in the brain.

D. Their use of self-report questionnaires makes it difficult to verify the accuracy of one's memories.

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36#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What role does the a1to w,u dy43 acuw3+owmygdala play in memory?

A. It takes over the memory encoding process from the hippocampus but focuses only on the emotional stimuli.

B. It acts as a ‘gatekeeper’ by controlling which sensory inputs are processed in the hippocampus through the subcortical structures.

C. As a component of the interconnected memory system with the hippocampus, the amygdala regulates the sensory inputs processed in the hippocampus through subcortical structures.

D. It directs automatic or unconscious responses to emotional stimuli while linking sensory information with long-term memory in the cerebral cortex.

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37#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which emotion needs to be triggered for flashbulb memories to ) gxq-mpo,j vw. 1 cdy)p4jteq;x2js(be created?

A. Anger

B. Sadness/Grief

C. Surprise

D. Happiness/ Joy

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38#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices belojx + .u5-fruezw outlines the function of the amygdala in relation to flashbulb memori5fue uz. rj-+xes?

A. Activation of the amygdala enhances memory consolidation by facilitating neural plasticity.

B. Activation of the amygdala leads to a reduction of neural pathways, leading to poor flashbulb memory.

C. Amygdala does not interfere in the formation of flashbulb memories.

D. The amygdala regulates the body’s emotional response.

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39#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following horc d e sts7mus8kpx;,1o4 m3dx5 vm9 6*vu(vwgdmones play a role in the activation of the amygdala?

A. Testosterone

B. Growth hormones

C. Progesterone

D. Adrenaline

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40#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 4 题组 (共 6 题 6 分)

Which best describes th1(+t6 z 0mda.d evdanbe ‘Google Effect’?

A. The impact of search engines on online advertising

B. The negative consequences of excessive internet usage on cognitive abilities

C. The propensity to forget easily accessible information due to search engines

D. The improved memory recall resulting from the availability of external information sources

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41#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is the common effect of repeated exposure te*uthu ep.1 j-o fake news or false information on social media on a person's me1t *heju .p-eumory?

A. It increases the likelihood of false information being remembered as false.

B. It increases the likelihood of false information being remembered as true.

C. It increases the likelihood of false information being shared.

D. It has no observed effect based on research.

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42#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Compared to other studies exploring the effects of digital techn5 m.ln2v ewh4bology on cognitive processes, what distinguishes Sparrow et al.'s (2011) research? m4n ve2bl5w.h

A. The study generated more generalisable results due to its use of a larger sample size compared to previous studies.

B. Unlike most studies that rely on correlations or self-reports, this study utilizes experimental methodology.

C. The student interviewed students who were active in terms of their internet.

D. They used correlational data which effectively illustrated the associations between the use of digital technology and behaviour.

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43#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is a methodologicrpn3(qq0x sx v(l f7t;al consideration one should take into account when researching at ;n 7 p3xv0r(f(slxqqbout social media and human behaviour?

A. Experimental methods are prevalent in researching social media usage, which enables the identification of cause-effect relationships.

B. Privacy concerns are a significant consideration in any research on social media usage.

C. The extent of research on social media usage is restricted by the data provided by the major technology companies.

D. Research into social media usage is susceptible to participant reactivity and may impact the accuracy of the findings.

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44#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following research methods is appropriate to study the effect ofcvv*/1. hr:w d 3 tr,(sqakuis technology os3a d vr v/*cits.hq,w1ur( k:n cognition?

A. Observation

B. Field experiment

C. Laboratory experiment

D. Surveys

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45#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Identify which of the options below best explains the l7t*6jlcvv 1 tyink between the Google effect and transactclj y1t v7*vt6ive memory.

A. People now tend to excessively rely on the internet as an external memory store.

B. People do not evaluate or cross-check information from the internet with other sources.

C. People consider information from the internet as safe and reliable more than their own memory.

D. The ease and availability of the internet as an external memory store has made people less reliant on their own memory.

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