IB Psychology HL Cognitive Approaches to Human Behaviour

1#

第 1 题组 (共 22 题 22 分)

The process of transforming incoming information into a mental coszab)i d58qy 7si0p,aw85 r abc*oc+p nstruct and placed in the brain a+0iar cp*c) o 5qas by8b7dips,zw85as memory is called

A. Encoding

B. Storage

C. Retrieval

D. None of the above

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2#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which cognitive process is closely related to the activation a u3 r:a gar1yqq5k.sxhwv.y8h20 dv+dnd use of schemas in the b20yq1.+vdr.s y ahx vu:3adg5 rhwk q8rain?

A. Reflex actions

B. Processing of visual information

C. Making decisions

D. Balance and coordination

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3#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The working memory model by Baddeley & Hitch is focused on whw(1+rz z-i;p( ojp1jtui2 sa1:ia mulich stage of memory?r ;21u-((+muijpl z s11o: jzi waaipt

A. Sensory memory

B. Short term memory

C. Long term memory

D. None of the above

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4#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes System 2x l ev+;lx5v9kh kw*(b thinking?

A. Intuitive, instinctive, based on gut feelings and past experiences.

B. Quick, automatic, and effortless.

C. Emotional, impulsive, and irrational.

D. Deliberate, analytical, and effortful.

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5#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes System 1 tr -e(9 ambnijh+q th-jxy/08p7w 7hy ihinking?

A. Slow, serial, effortful, consciously monitored, deliberately controlled.

B. Fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit, emotionally charged.

C. It is the idea that thinking and decision-making are separate concepts.

D. Intuitive, instinctive, based on gut feelings and past experiences.

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6#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

How does information transfer from sensory to short-term memory according to Azzsdr:+ml: nam m x*,5xv-li4 tkinson & Shiffrin's 5 xm:s: ,zd+i4nzvrma*mxl-l multi-store model of memory?

A. Through decay

B. Through rehearsal

C. Through attention

D. Through retrieval

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7#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes the dual process model of thinking and decyd(i a.; lx gdja.7ud9ision-making?

A. It is the model that says humans always make rational decisions.

B. It is the model that says thinking and decision-making are separate concepts.

C. It is the model that says there are two distinct types of thinking: intuitive and rational.

D. It is the model that says there are two separate cognitive processes at play when humans make decisions.

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8#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes the capacity of short-term memorfgs)*m we*xu; y?

A. Unlimited

B. An average of 7±2 items

C. May change due to individual differences

D. Cannot be identified

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9#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which component of the working memory model is responsible for holding 46+dm(fx0u.wzzp p nyand manipulatwf 6zdz xnu+y(04p.m ping auditory information?

A. Central executive

B. Phonological loop

C. Visuospatial sketchpad

D. Sensory register

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10#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which type of memory is the most resistan xi.) d- wo ,i*x8w-d7sfmprtyh)ou, et to decay over time and is relatively stable throughout li-io,iy8u- fw)hedx*p 7 mtr.d,)wsoxfe?

A. Explicit memory

B. Episodic memory

C. Semantic memory

D. Procedural memory

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11#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

In the context of the two-system view of thinking, what is ana ii54 bjf03xu8l6af j example of a cognitive task that requires controli0 f jfa643xai8blju5led thinking?

A. Riding a bicycle

B. Deciding under uncertainty

C. Detecting a scent

D. Noticing a colour

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12#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内12/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which thinking style involves judgments that directlyg3:jc46 pplwq reflect impressions and are ngw p6 :43pjqlcot modified by conscious monitoring?

A. Intuitive thinking

B. Rational thinking

C. Automatic thinking

D. Controlled thinking

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13#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内13/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below are the limitati8gc9,og/c icyt:08-mh pl7mc ai5zr pons of the multi-store memory mode 7 mzmgcloac, p-8yi i85:r p/0thgc9cl?

A. It lacks ecological validity and does not explain the complexities of memory.

B. The model needs to be updated, and its explanations of memory only apply to some.

C. Studies do not strongly support it, and it does not apply to older individuals.

D. The model is complicated to use in various contexts.

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14#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内14/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the options provided is not a critique of the sche b,ty-w(t3a*lx ahb2ama theory?

A. The physical mechanisms through which schemas operate in the brain are not observable.

B. The process by which the schema is formed and established in the brain remains uncertain.

C. The schema theory does take emotional memories into consideration.

D. The schema theory is limited because of its ambiguous explanation of how memory works.

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15#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内15/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes the priy)em cqa3id+ 7mary purpose of dual-task techniques in research on the working +) dqc3me iy7amemory model?

A. To investigate the capacity limitations of sensory memory.

B. To explore the role of long-term memory in cognitive tasks.

C. To examine the division of attention and the limitations of working memory.

D. To assess the effectiveness of rehearsal strategies in memory encoding.

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16#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内16/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following scenarios best exem pfd+ekiu(*x-zm +djs7 k 1a*n*mp 8brplifies the process of accommodation based on Piaget's schem *n- 7p(+1ikmkjxusp*z*8+ dbeamd rfa theory?

A. A child uses their current knowledge of dogs to identify a horse as a ‘big dog’.

B. A child modifies his understanding of gravity after observing a ball falling at different speeds.

C. A child incorporates new information about birds into his current schema of ‘flying animals’.

D. A child repeats multiplication tables to reinforce existing mathematical skills.

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17#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内17/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Cognitive schemas are best desc2mvlt(2lb c,cribed as:

A. Innate, genetically determined structures of the brain.

B. Automatic and unconscious mental processes.

C. Frameworks of knowledge and beliefs that organise and interpret information.

D. Strategies used to improve memory and problem-solving skills.

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18#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内18/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the followingt 20wh fj.;4(jv*m dbvi4anpa is not a principle of cognitive approach?

A. Biases in cognitive processes can be systematic and predictable.

B. Cognitive processes don’t function in isolation.

C. Mental processes can be studied scientifically.

D. Behaviour is the product of physiology.

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19#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内19/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is a cognitive model/theogej5-cjt 6k.)a pbh ty wrn60.ry?

A. Dual-processing model

B. Social identity theory

C. Globalization

D. Animal model

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20#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内20/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is the correct explanikpe9b xup38 :ation of the serial position effect?

A. It is the tendency to recall the middle and last items better than the first items in the list.

B. It is the tendency to recall the first and last items on a list better than the items in the middle section.

C. It is the tendency to recall the first items on a list better than the other items.

D. It is the tendency to recall the last items on a list better than the other items.

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21#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内21/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below can be used as a counter9 g5pv 58q8enx.wv8i aphj.y aargument to the multi-store model of memo wa8nv gy v.8jxp5ph8q .9e5iary?

A. Bottom-up and top-down processing

B. Schema processing

C. Levels of processing

D. Normative model

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22#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内22/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which type of schema is commonly linked to the negative thinkingot l/s89iu2r xg 38w6vbljnhdzo-0m(di( b9 w patterns outlined in Beck’s Theory of De9vg-l ndo/8 z( dr3u9whw8js0bi lt26oi m(bx pression?

A. Script schema

B. Self-schema

C. Social Schema

D. Event schema

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23#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 2 题组 (共 11 题 11 分)

Why is memory recall considered reconstruckhy/ 9 icq1pb:h90aq d e8olo+tive?

A. Because it involves retrieval of information that was once stored.

B. Because it is like mental record or a video of past events.

C. Because it can be influenced by a variety of factors such as preconcieved notions and schemas.

D. Because memory stores significant events.

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24#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which statement best describes the misin9 ja0y de vrx; d6mb5,hhf 5:bb3ioka*formation effect in eyewitness testimony?o:ib bx; *emk3096vyh5 rbddf ,a5ahj

A. Eyewitnesses are more likely to remember information accurately if they discuss the event with others who have experienced it.

B. Eyewitnesses' memories of an event can be altered or distorted by misleading information presented after the event.

C. Eyewitnesses' memory of an event tends to improve over time.

D. Eyewitnesses' confidence in their memory of an event is always a reliable indicator of its accuracy.

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25#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What was the central focus of Tversky and Kahneman's (1974) research on cog f+,1ap 1uohz c6s,qngnitive biases and decision-making,1zqnsc o ph+6f1uag,?

A. Developing the dual process model of thinking and decision-making

B. Understanding intuitive judgments in situations involving risks and uncertainty

C. Understanding the limits of working memory on people's ability to compute optimal decisions

D. Developing a model for behavioural economics.

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26#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Below are factors that usually /;a f7pqd-vge affect the availability heuristic except for

A. Family upbringing

B. Political affiliation

C. Exposure to advertising

D. Exposure to news or media coverage

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27#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Loftus developed a s6ez 8e1egfi (btudy in 1997 which aimed to plant a false memory of being lost in a mall. Results indicated that a p6(1 izbe8g feeortion of the participants claimed to remember the false event after a series of interviews.
Based on Loftus' research, how can false memories be implanted?

A. By asking leading questions

B. By asking people to narrate their stories and retell them

C. By suggesting and confabulating information

D. By changing the words used in a sentence (e.g using the word crash in replacement of hit)

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28#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

When determining the value of afm3sv a-u q..ab(i gv2d0m +om vintage watch, an individual is influenced by the seller's inia ig ud3b.m0(som+va q v.-m2ftial asking price. This is an example of

A. Confirmation bias

B. Availability heuristic

C. Hindsight bias

D. Anchoring bias

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29#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by 0c4 e(:w.g.yw4p6vqsfwe dstwhich of the following researcher/s . w.p4ce :segvty0fq(wsw64d?

A. Tschirgi

B. Tversky and Kahneman

C. Huber, Payne and Puto

D. Chapman and Chapman

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30#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following w4+ + -xkug tpvzvc::pis not a strategy for the adaptive decision-maker framework by Payne, B vct4wp: z+k :upxv+g-ettman and Johnson (1993)?

A. Utility theory

B. Lexicographic strategy

C. Lexicographic strategy

D. Elimination by aspects

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31#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

How were the findings of Loftus and Palmer’7+dg( ebi0tqis study interpreted in relation to the reconstrucq d(+itbg7 ie0tive nature of memory?

A. The participants showed response bias and memory change

B. The participants were misled to remember certain information

C. The participants lacked memory rehearsal

D. The participant responses showed the transfer of information from sensory to long-term memory

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32#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Some studies on eyewitness testimonies are conducted in5;tun fgt8 u:x naturalistic settings. Which of the following is a limitation of: 5xgut8untf; these settings?

A. Lack of population validity

B. Lack of internal validity

C. Lack of generalization

D. Lack of reflexivity

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33#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

When a person vividly remembers a particular incident which is accompancq8d w*, e9piried by a sdqir*e8 9, pcwtrong emotional reaction, it is known as

A. Sensory memory

B. Eyewitness testimony

C. Flashbulb memory

D. Reconstructive memory

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34#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 3 题组 (共 6 题 6 分)

What two components makeup Schacter and Singer's two-km)so7t5bc 0 efactor theory of emotion?

A. The environment & cognitive appraisal of the environment

B. Cognitive appraisal & the emotional appraisal

C. Physical arousal & cognitive appraisal

D. Emotional arousal & physical stimulus

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35#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is considered to be a main methodological issue in Brogdjm).)wkl s +wn & Kulik's (1977) research on flashbulb memoryg kwdm )+.jsl)?

A. They used a limited sample size.

B. Their sample is prone to gender bias, not having equal male and female participants.

C. They did not use brain imaging techniques to investigate flashbulb memory in the brain.

D. Their use of self-report questionnaires makes it difficult to verify the accuracy of one's memories.

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36#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What role does the am 6b 4c mhs7ww:j(bq+gl3 hzyb/ygdala play in memory?

A. It takes over the memory encoding process from the hippocampus but focuses only on the emotional stimuli.

B. It acts as a ‘gatekeeper’ by controlling which sensory inputs are processed in the hippocampus through the subcortical structures.

C. As a component of the interconnected memory system with the hippocampus, the amygdala regulates the sensory inputs processed in the hippocampus through subcortical structures.

D. It directs automatic or unconscious responses to emotional stimuli while linking sensory information with long-term memory in the cerebral cortex.

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37#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which emotion needs to be triggered pomxo5 (mrzc:oozue 8 7xc+-:for flashbulb memories to be created?

A. Anger

B. Sadness/Grief

C. Surprise

D. Happiness/ Joy

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38#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below outlines the function of the amu :v iublk5,e3ygdala in relation to flashbulb memoriieuu3, :l vbk5es?

A. Activation of the amygdala enhances memory consolidation by facilitating neural plasticity.

B. Activation of the amygdala leads to a reduction of neural pathways, leading to poor flashbulb memory.

C. Amygdala does not interfere in the formation of flashbulb memories.

D. The amygdala regulates the body’s emotional response.

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39#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following hormones bl:;*s /aly w,5ykt/o kek1:rtiy,oi play a role in the activation of the amygdala?

A. Testosterone

B. Growth hormones

C. Progesterone

D. Adrenaline

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40#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 4 题组 (共 6 题 6 分)

Which best describes the ‘Googlg; yjkcq zgl ,+xwue+t(- t8(ce Effect’?

A. The impact of search engines on online advertising

B. The negative consequences of excessive internet usage on cognitive abilities

C. The propensity to forget easily accessible information due to search engines

D. The improved memory recall resulting from the availability of external information sources

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41#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is the common effect of repeated exposuv-d2nwd ryg6 /+r+sdcre to fake news or false information on social media on dg/vd wr6+c-2 yrsd+n a person's memory?

A. It increases the likelihood of false information being remembered as false.

B. It increases the likelihood of false information being remembered as true.

C. It increases the likelihood of false information being shared.

D. It has no observed effect based on research.

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42#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Compared to other studies expl:- ag;zetpt03iv5ku qoring the effects of digital technology on cognitive processes, what distinguishes Sparrow et al. q- at35ikz0:t pgu;ve's (2011) research?

A. The study generated more generalisable results due to its use of a larger sample size compared to previous studies.

B. Unlike most studies that rely on correlations or self-reports, this study utilizes experimental methodology.

C. The student interviewed students who were active in terms of their internet.

D. They used correlational data which effectively illustrated the associations between the use of digital technology and behaviour.

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43#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is a methodological considegqy+bbsbzy hh: y(q3vjn /41 1ration one should take into account when researcb13y yh(z1h/j4s+bb n vy gqq:hing about social media and human behaviour?

A. Experimental methods are prevalent in researching social media usage, which enables the identification of cause-effect relationships.

B. Privacy concerns are a significant consideration in any research on social media usage.

C. The extent of research on social media usage is restricted by the data provided by the major technology companies.

D. Research into social media usage is susceptible to participant reactivity and may impact the accuracy of the findings.

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44#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following rgpah)4 cqx,tp .bt7qbepkg))i 0 +tu6esearch methods is appropriate to study the effect of technology pqk) p bh.)eqbtg)tc g+4xa7 i 0u,t6pon cognition?

A. Observation

B. Field experiment

C. Laboratory experiment

D. Surveys

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45#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Identify which of the options below best explains the vwn ls76 ,m, odkxifb(g* jt*)link between the Google effect and transactw6 d*bfskv,)nim j*7l( , tgoxive memory.

A. People now tend to excessively rely on the internet as an external memory store.

B. People do not evaluate or cross-check information from the internet with other sources.

C. People consider information from the internet as safe and reliable more than their own memory.

D. The ease and availability of the internet as an external memory store has made people less reliant on their own memory.

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