IB Psychology HL Cognitive Approaches to Human Behaviour

1#

第 1 题组 (共 22 题 22 分)

The process of transforming incoming information intmcrjz )s 5); .glrf:j:muy/ tqo a mental construct and placed in the brain as memory is f;y.mgr)z :msjr j5u) l:tq/c called

A. Encoding

B. Storage

C. Retrieval

D. None of the above

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2#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which cognitive process is closely related to the activation andu48goo cqf f wx+9e6m2 use of schemas in the o o4f gqwcm9 f+8ex2u6brain?

A. Reflex actions

B. Processing of visual information

C. Making decisions

D. Balance and coordination

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3#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The working memory my7 ylfsz+-bmr+li- d6odel by Baddeley & Hitch is focused on which stage of memory?lyfzyrm sdi6 -- +b+l7

A. Sensory memory

B. Short term memory

C. Long term memory

D. None of the above

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4#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes System 2 thiev(i:p-r; 4rweu1gd n nking?

A. Intuitive, instinctive, based on gut feelings and past experiences.

B. Quick, automatic, and effortless.

C. Emotional, impulsive, and irrational.

D. Deliberate, analytical, and effortful.

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5#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes System 1 thi7bp fxv:in4j3whq*o*nking?

A. Slow, serial, effortful, consciously monitored, deliberately controlled.

B. Fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit, emotionally charged.

C. It is the idea that thinking and decision-making are separate concepts.

D. Intuitive, instinctive, based on gut feelings and past experiences.

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6#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

How does information tssv(o 8(eh7mc s-1udkdy)je8u r - +jlransfer from sensory to short-term memory according to Atkinson & Shie)dlsu 8 kyj e-vr o7sd-(h 8jsm(cu+1ffrin's multi-store model of memory?

A. Through decay

B. Through rehearsal

C. Through attention

D. Through retrieval

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7#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What describes the dual plglfj0,b38 carocess model of thinking and decision-making?

A. It is the model that says humans always make rational decisions.

B. It is the model that says thinking and decision-making are separate concepts.

C. It is the model that says there are two distinct types of thinking: intuitive and rational.

D. It is the model that says there are two separate cognitive processes at play when humans make decisions.

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8#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes theqnxqdt- 1v wi ,:l*(hdhkxf26uy, 3fo capacity of short-term memory?

A. Unlimited

B. An average of 7±2 items

C. May change due to individual differences

D. Cannot be identified

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9#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which component of the working memory model is responsible for h stdmpddal y;3e +,4(x3yv*yuolding and manipulating audilp 3;(yta,dd4ye *mu +d 3syxvtory information?

A. Central executive

B. Phonological loop

C. Visuospatial sketchpad

D. Sensory register

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10#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which type of memory is the most resistant to decaf7ib.7lk7o r fy over time and is relatively stable throughout l7 rofl7fb .ki7ife?

A. Explicit memory

B. Episodic memory

C. Semantic memory

D. Procedural memory

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11#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

In the context of the two-system view of thinking, what is an example of a cognfbr-d .kl. -f .4mnkk8mwo, qgitive task that reqkbw, r.f8k kdm.- olg-q4mn f.uires controlled thinking?

A. Riding a bicycle

B. Deciding under uncertainty

C. Detecting a scent

D. Noticing a colour

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12#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内12/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which thinking style inve70th (hz,s8 nxpmp1 m)0yqgiolves judgments that directly reflect impressions and are not modified by conegphzs0y)xt 70mn(h 18,p imqscious monitoring?

A. Intuitive thinking

B. Rational thinking

C. Automatic thinking

D. Controlled thinking

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13#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内13/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below are the limitations q qst0u4pul .kek0,p*: lsz/qof the multi-store memory modekzq :kllpqp. e u/ 0t4s*usq0,l?

A. It lacks ecological validity and does not explain the complexities of memory.

B. The model needs to be updated, and its explanations of memory only apply to some.

C. Studies do not strongly support it, and it does not apply to older individuals.

D. The model is complicated to use in various contexts.

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14#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内14/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the options provided is not a crit+ aldv vp4l9e(ique of the schema theory?

A. The physical mechanisms through which schemas operate in the brain are not observable.

B. The process by which the schema is formed and established in the brain remains uncertain.

C. The schema theory does take emotional memories into consideration.

D. The schema theory is limited because of its ambiguous explanation of how memory works.

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15#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内15/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes the pri8wpqi6nyyj o2,h y;pf7k 8 o(kmary purpose of dual-task techniques in reseapy6 ,8;f8yj7okn iqpwoh( y2krch on the working memory model?

A. To investigate the capacity limitations of sensory memory.

B. To explore the role of long-term memory in cognitive tasks.

C. To examine the division of attention and the limitations of working memory.

D. To assess the effectiveness of rehearsal strategies in memory encoding.

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16#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内16/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies thevclof. obi yb3p8ma/9,. 6y.0olkq o dj np,0z process of accommodation based on Pi.,zli8po0cq/yl0 mk9 .pjf,abvbd o3.oo y6naget's schema theory?

A. A child uses their current knowledge of dogs to identify a horse as a ‘big dog’.

B. A child modifies his understanding of gravity after observing a ball falling at different speeds.

C. A child incorporates new information about birds into his current schema of ‘flying animals’.

D. A child repeats multiplication tables to reinforce existing mathematical skills.

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17#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内17/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Cognitive schemas are best descrh(rl -mpu35 ibibed as:

A. Innate, genetically determined structures of the brain.

B. Automatic and unconscious mental processes.

C. Frameworks of knowledge and beliefs that organise and interpret information.

D. Strategies used to improve memory and problem-solving skills.

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18#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内18/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is not a principle of cognitive fezjr8 zvi23q4);i na approach?

A. Biases in cognitive processes can be systematic and predictable.

B. Cognitive processes don’t function in isolation.

C. Mental processes can be studied scientifically.

D. Behaviour is the product of physiology.

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19#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内19/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is a cognitiai,*pfd9vi( rve model/theory?

A. Dual-processing model

B. Social identity theory

C. Globalization

D. Animal model

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20#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内20/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is the correct explanation of the serial position eze,e(v w ;*xgbffect?

A. It is the tendency to recall the middle and last items better than the first items in the list.

B. It is the tendency to recall the first and last items on a list better than the items in the middle section.

C. It is the tendency to recall the first items on a list better than the other items.

D. It is the tendency to recall the last items on a list better than the other items.

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21#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内21/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below can be used as a counterargumeyf; )m32ru 8 bcdeqn4 n z:n/+jvme2rtnt to the multi-store model zdc/ n+fm yrv: jbm 43ure82enq;)tn2 of memory?

A. Bottom-up and top-down processing

B. Schema processing

C. Levels of processing

D. Normative model

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22#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内22/22) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which type of schema is c b)uu*otx y z5,co8a8zommonly linked to the negative thinking patterns outlined in Beck’s Theory of Depressib 8z8ooz5*)utu,c ayxon?

A. Script schema

B. Self-schema

C. Social Schema

D. Event schema

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23#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 2 题组 (共 11 题 11 分)

Why is memory recall considered recu;qjtal h6(w: 95fclvonstructive?

A. Because it involves retrieval of information that was once stored.

B. Because it is like mental record or a video of past events.

C. Because it can be influenced by a variety of factors such as preconcieved notions and schemas.

D. Because memory stores significant events.

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24#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which statement best describes the misinformation effect in eyewitness testil q*a,zj/f n7umony?7 qn/laf ,j*zu

A. Eyewitnesses are more likely to remember information accurately if they discuss the event with others who have experienced it.

B. Eyewitnesses' memories of an event can be altered or distorted by misleading information presented after the event.

C. Eyewitnesses' memory of an event tends to improve over time.

D. Eyewitnesses' confidence in their memory of an event is always a reliable indicator of its accuracy.

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25#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What was the central focus of Tversky and Kahneman's (1974ho ex21nw ir3z;h+ 5th) research on cognitive biases and decisio h1;n2 t+zwhi5oer3hxn-making?

A. Developing the dual process model of thinking and decision-making

B. Understanding intuitive judgments in situations involving risks and uncertainty

C. Understanding the limits of working memory on people's ability to compute optimal decisions

D. Developing a model for behavioural economics.

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26#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Below are factors that usually k osa cjq.60( r*6ybeoaffect the availability heuristic except for

A. Family upbringing

B. Political affiliation

C. Exposure to advertising

D. Exposure to news or media coverage

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27#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Loftus developed a study in 1997 which aimed to+5-luhat x m6+c k3gjb plant a false memory of being lost in a mall. Results ix+b3 -k+thj6m lagc5u ndicated that a portion of the participants claimed to remember the false event after a series of interviews.
Based on Loftus' research, how can false memories be implanted?

A. By asking leading questions

B. By asking people to narrate their stories and retell them

C. By suggesting and confabulating information

D. By changing the words used in a sentence (e.g using the word crash in replacement of hit)

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28#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

When determining the value of a vintage watch, an im 7lgb0l.*npw ov 74( ) tgeixwag4lsps8fh)( ndividual is influenced by the seller's initial asking pric.a *7i( nelltoplxvf sw7gswghp4g04)8)(bme. This is an example of

A. Confirmation bias

B. Availability heuristic

C. Hindsight bias

D. Anchoring bias

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29#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The notion of cognitive biases was ql6b/vc 1ad(yintroduced by which of the following researchvbca6q 1yl/d( er/s?

A. Tschirgi

B. Tversky and Kahneman

C. Huber, Payne and Puto

D. Chapman and Chapman

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30#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is not a strategy for the adaptive decision-ma0 ; +3ew qwuc8r;lffifker framework by Payne, Bettman af c;f r ;0q38uelifww+nd Johnson (1993)?

A. Utility theory

B. Lexicographic strategy

C. Lexicographic strategy

D. Elimination by aspects

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31#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

How were the findings of Loftus and Palmer’p64v;hv vfv4kzi boz *wx(clp2 ;ac1 .s study interpreted in relation to the reconstructive naturca .f6vvcip v l(* h;w14ok2xv ;zbz4pe of memory?

A. The participants showed response bias and memory change

B. The participants were misled to remember certain information

C. The participants lacked memory rehearsal

D. The participant responses showed the transfer of information from sensory to long-term memory

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32#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Some studies on eyewitness testimonies are conductes qgcecs mca5ndi)k;5 ;w5o 5.d in naturalistic settings. Which of the following is a limitation of eko5 .c)sdn gc5q w55ic a;m;sthese settings?

A. Lack of population validity

B. Lack of internal validity

C. Lack of generalization

D. Lack of reflexivity

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33#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/11) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

When a person vividly remembers a particular incident whta y )o.)h1rw ajq8e;qich is accompanied by a strong emotional reaction .oq;)war 1e yjtaq)8h, it is known as

A. Sensory memory

B. Eyewitness testimony

C. Flashbulb memory

D. Reconstructive memory

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34#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 3 题组 (共 6 题 6 分)

What two components m8t:14gzn9v jdjwnu xg5fq85 yakeup Schacter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion?

A. The environment & cognitive appraisal of the environment

B. Cognitive appraisal & the emotional appraisal

C. Physical arousal & cognitive appraisal

D. Emotional arousal & physical stimulus

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35#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is considered to be a main methodological issue in Brown & Kulik'-8 vru gicj(-us (1977) research on flashciuuj-g - v8(rbulb memory?

A. They used a limited sample size.

B. Their sample is prone to gender bias, not having equal male and female participants.

C. They did not use brain imaging techniques to investigate flashbulb memory in the brain.

D. Their use of self-report questionnaires makes it difficult to verify the accuracy of one's memories.

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36#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What role does the amygdala play in memory? ujru i-;k;fkkz/jl4r 4qj,.a8kh3ju

A. It takes over the memory encoding process from the hippocampus but focuses only on the emotional stimuli.

B. It acts as a ‘gatekeeper’ by controlling which sensory inputs are processed in the hippocampus through the subcortical structures.

C. As a component of the interconnected memory system with the hippocampus, the amygdala regulates the sensory inputs processed in the hippocampus through subcortical structures.

D. It directs automatic or unconscious responses to emotional stimuli while linking sensory information with long-term memory in the cerebral cortex.

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37#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which emotion needs to be triggered for flashbulb memories tff0 4) ;dpva b)d5kzmco be created?

A. Anger

B. Sadness/Grief

C. Surprise

D. Happiness/ Joy

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38#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which among the choices below outlines the funwhf4 x/v-ci25zp 1 ekjction of the amygdala in relation to flash p/ 4efzi5-xv2k1cjh wbulb memories?

A. Activation of the amygdala enhances memory consolidation by facilitating neural plasticity.

B. Activation of the amygdala leads to a reduction of neural pathways, leading to poor flashbulb memory.

C. Amygdala does not interfere in the formation of flashbulb memories.

D. The amygdala regulates the body’s emotional response.

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39#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following hormones play a roles.w q;b wtse a-8oe4pq99+dgl in the activation of the amygdala?

A. Testosterone

B. Growth hormones

C. Progesterone

D. Adrenaline

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40#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 4 题组 (共 6 题 6 分)

Which best describes the ‘Google Effecx 8 1sxjfp:rhn2: vi/ntjz;3zi v me9cv+6ma9t’?

A. The impact of search engines on online advertising

B. The negative consequences of excessive internet usage on cognitive abilities

C. The propensity to forget easily accessible information due to search engines

D. The improved memory recall resulting from the availability of external information sources

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41#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is the common effect of repeated exposure to fake news or false informati s6z /jkro2s:lon on social media / soz:lkrj26s on a person's memory?

A. It increases the likelihood of false information being remembered as false.

B. It increases the likelihood of false information being remembered as true.

C. It increases the likelihood of false information being shared.

D. It has no observed effect based on research.

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42#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Compared to other studies exploring the effects of digital technology on )38m o6d*si5 fb;tw8his i almcognitive processes, what distinguishes Sparrow et al.'s (2011) rei);d f*ib omtas3 si85hm6l 8wsearch?

A. The study generated more generalisable results due to its use of a larger sample size compared to previous studies.

B. Unlike most studies that rely on correlations or self-reports, this study utilizes experimental methodology.

C. The student interviewed students who were active in terms of their internet.

D. They used correlational data which effectively illustrated the associations between the use of digital technology and behaviour.

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43#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is a methodological consideration one should take into account when re:w/ g.7gv9hga fxd .6/x nxhp2zjzc n6searching about socia9x.nw /v76g:hx6j2ap zcf. xz /h ngdgl media and human behaviour?

A. Experimental methods are prevalent in researching social media usage, which enables the identification of cause-effect relationships.

B. Privacy concerns are a significant consideration in any research on social media usage.

C. The extent of research on social media usage is restricted by the data provided by the major technology companies.

D. Research into social media usage is susceptible to participant reactivity and may impact the accuracy of the findings.

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44#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following research methods is appropriate to*hpww kz:o xv*q.z )o. study the effect of techno*qhw z.k. )o zopvx*:wlogy on cognition?

A. Observation

B. Field experiment

C. Laboratory experiment

D. Surveys

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45#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/6) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Identify which of the options below best explains the link between the G(t ss ;4llc/m 6s4hepwoogle effect and transacte s 6/plcss4 l(tw;h4mive memory.

A. People now tend to excessively rely on the internet as an external memory store.

B. People do not evaluate or cross-check information from the internet with other sources.

C. People consider information from the internet as safe and reliable more than their own memory.

D. The ease and availability of the internet as an external memory store has made people less reliant on their own memory.

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