IB Psychology HL Sociocultural Approaches to Human Behaviour

1#

第 1 题组 (共 14 题 14 分)

According to Social Cognitive Theory, which of the followi0u t6jqgo-eg*ng is not a cognitive factor involved in learning frog *gq u6je0ot-m a model?

A. Attention

B. Arousal

C. Motivation

D. Potential

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2#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best describes stereotpget,o*1 ox,a ypes?

A. Prejudices toward a group or person

B. Positive or negative generalizations about a group

C. Harmful beliefs about a group

D. Outdated cultural values

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3#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best dc a ty3fs+5) r0vpfe;hescribes the Social Identity Theory?

A. It is a theory that seeks to explain how we learn behaviour from models

B. It is a theory that explains how individuals develop their identities

C. It is a model of what happens when groups interact with each other

D. It is a theory that explores how individuals define themselves based on group memberships

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4#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which does Social Cogfbxc utugm 1 ok4558)gnitive Theory successfully explain?

A. Lengthy-time delays between when a behavior is modeled and when a behavior is shown

B. Why some people never learn modeled behaviors, even if all of the conditions are met

C. Why people are able to demonstrate behaviors they’ve never practiced

D. Individual differences in learning speed for a modeled behavior

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5#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is the most fundamental cos4ux. c:t dnd3ncept within Social Identity Theord :c.34 ndsutxy?

A. Salience

B. Positive distinctiveness

C. Categorization

D. Social Comparison

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6#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best describes how illusory correlations m5rso0mhs 5in39 n3 dwcan lead to stereotypes?

A. People falsely see relationships between groups and traits or behaviors

B. Individuals form a judgment of a group based on one interaction with another individual

C. People seek out information that confirms a pre-existing belief

D. We perceive all members of an out-group as similar

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7#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which mechanism of Social Identity Theory is most closely related to posi zgn:sb*:pvt+- -2 uma aasl0yz14ib dtive distinctiza+sts1 yl:p:vzi*b-gab0 uma4 d2 -nveness?

A. Identification

B. Social comparison

C. Categorization

D. Salience

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8#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is true of soc0nbo co5 8*ybpial groups?

A. They are usually formed during childhood

B. Social groups must be homogenous in most identities

C. They can be based on arbitrary similarities

D. Social groups do not matter as much as cultural groups

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9#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reip g5aqg l47.xr6 vn4vunforcement?

A. A teacher shows students how to draw a butterfly, and the students try on their own.

B. An employee is praised for high sales in a weekly meeting, and they continue performing well.

C. A toddler is put in time out for pushing a playmate. They do not push anyone again.

D. A person sees a celebrity receive praise for donating to charity, and so they do the same.

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10#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is an agent for secondary socialisa-vixmcx4h .q-fk)r i,tion?

A. Community

B. Parents

C. Siblings

D. Second-degree relatives

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11#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

In social cognitive theory, the reproduction of a task i8h,vvm6 b ,swws affected by

A. Motivation

B. Reward

C. Self-efficacy

D. Punishment

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12#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内12/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is not an assumption of the sociocultural app*pjxg;(h ip0yroach?

A. People are cognitive misers.

B. Humans engage in both automatic and controlled thinking.

C. Self-esteem guides human behaviour.

D. People only learn through reinforcement.

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13#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内13/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following describes pr3q: o1lcqcjb +iming?

A. It is the ease with which one can use their schema because the memories have been retrieved recently.

B. It is the process by which recent personal experience increases the accessibility of a schema.

C. It refers to when two variables are seen as related when they are not.

D. It refers to when individuals hold two conflicting thoughts.

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14#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内14/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

A job applicant believes she will mess up her job interviepalj,c+wa nox4h k:e8d)b)axft(1 g xo2g 93gw, so she is anxious and stumbles over her words hw4) 3l xpdet :ca28 gojabg+of xn1g9a,)x( kduring the interview, which eventually leads to her not getting the job. This is an example of

A. Grain of truth hypothesis

B. Illusory correlation

C. Self-fulfilling prophecy

D. Stereotype threat

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15#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 2 题组 (共 15 题 15 分)

Which choice correctl o p8q5eh,6iwfy outlines one cultural dimension?

A. Masculinity vs femininity: describes a culture’s tendency to respect hierarchy

B. Uncertainty avoidance index: describes a culture’s focus on the future

C. Long-term vs short-term orientation: describes a culture’s willingness to have fun and live in the moment

D. Individualism vs collectivism: describes a culture’s emphasis on group membership

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16#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which describes a cultuqh; f * z7cr/ciwhg-nt4e a:6oral group?

A. Fans of a specific sports team

B. Members of an indigenous or native group

C. Members of a sorority or fraternity

D. Students in a university degree program

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17#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which does not accurately desrm5vn: 5ve3vh f3 yw:mcribe culture?

A. Includes attitudes, beliefs, and values shared by a group

B. Has rules, norms, and values that may change over time

C. A set of unchanging norms and rules for a group

D. Involves customs around food, music, social rituals, and so on

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18#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best describes what cultural dimensions -s47 7xp5emv /8v yzxam)ncdjare?

A. Ratings of a culture

B. Explanations of the key differences within given cultures or nationalities

C. Comparisons along key traits across various cultures/nationalities

D. Descriptions of the key changes since a culture came into existence

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19#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is a limitation of research done on cultu v*j3iuq rmis i )uz q-7s7pq,d62tp;mre and interpersona sqzrm*p;qqpd77i ,si-32 t)6u umjv il relationships?

A. The research uses self-report questionnaires

B. The research leads to leading question bias

C. There is evidence of researcher bias

D. Case-to-case generalisation is low

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20#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of these outlines one effect of culture on behavior orbk*(:kbjm 1 mb cognition?

A. Having a high long-term orientation leads to increased saving behaviors

B. Participants demonstrate higher conformity when told they are a member of an in-group

C. People often seek information to support their already-held beliefs about other groups

D. Children are more likely to imitate a model if they are of the same gender

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21#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best explains the ecologicalu6jpx/,gn)e zs ds8 u+ fallacy?

A. A conclusion is reached by assuming all individuals in a group show the same characteristics of the group itself

B. The study’s generalizability is limited because of the sampling used for the study

C. It is the same as a stereotype

D. The study’s generalizability is limited because of the setting of the study

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22#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What does the OCEAN modelqk5 0 y e/-nnxxgz2r7suivtq3 r,wd3jl8 /u(q stand for?

A. Openness, conscientiousness, empathetic, agreeableness, neuroticism

B. Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

C. Openness, communication, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

D. Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, affectionate, nourishing

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23#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The process of studying cultures from an outside perspect(a taa / tv)qup,0k-ihive looking in is known aspv-tqh,ua) /ti ak0a (

A. Etic approach

B. Emic approach

C. Cultural syndrome

D. Culture of honour

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24#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which statement is NOi l7iym1 nwcy.2, if+1 uidsgdlk(s75T a characteristic of collectivist cultures?

A. Primarily focused on the success of one's immediate family

B. Conformity to the decisions made by one's group

C. Personal sacrifices made to ensure that the group succeeds

D. Cooperating with others is valued

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25#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which cultural dimension best reflecpna enanz94m/838vtq ts a company that allows employees to submit proposals fopz8nam9/3t8enqn v4a r new strategic developments as decision-making takes place after a great deal of collaboration between relevant departments?

A. High power distance

B. Low power distance

C. High masculinity

D. Low masculinity

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26#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内12/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What research method was used in Hofstede’s study investigating cultural differew4lj7ejk w (t04r 6wyunceslyt ej06kwrj4w(u47 w?

A. Laboratory experiment

B. Correlational study

C. Case study

D. Survey

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27#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内13/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

One criticism of Hofstede's study on cultural dimensions is that cultural 6i4,yc:woge x77 ewrd stereotyping may have beex6r 7:d4w,icy w7eo gen encouraged. Why might this be the case?

A. Hofstede only surveyed IBM employees, who may not be representative of everyone in their culture.

B. Cultural dimensions do not take into account individual differences between people in a given country.

C. Cultural dimensions do not convey the complexity of a country's history, religion, and belief system.

D. It is unclear if there are other cultural dimensions that are yet to be discovered

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28#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内14/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which statement below best describes the findings of Cu2;3phwd+p2p r1zugd29nk en hen's study?

A. Participants shown a picture of Chinese lanterns tended to pay for immediate shipping.

B. Participants shown a picture of NYC's skyline tended to pay for immediate shipping.

C. Singaporeans tended to pay for immediate shipping.

D. Americans tended to pay for immediate shipping.

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29#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内15/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following explains vertical collectiv)c1w ss)6ltm0k4eps u40y wziism?

A. Members show outgroup discrimination.

B. Members merge with the ingroup and submit to an authority in that ingroup.

C. Members are unique/on their own and mainly of the same status.

D. Members merge with the ingroup and almost have the same status.

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30#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 3 题组 (共 10 题 10 分)

Which best outlines enc xbenoe/ya +);ulturation?

A. It is the process of adapting to a new culture

B. The acquisition of the values and norms of a primary culture

C. It is a theory that describes our ability to learn through vicarious reinforcement

D. A model which describes how we become similar to our parents

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31#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is acculturative sttdn 9gvsx xe .tldv3h;t 9p4(7ress?

A. Difficulty in acquiring a primary culture

B. Negative effects associated with adjusting to a new culture

C. Illness that occurs when one is unable to integrate into a new culture

D. The process of gaining protective factors during acculturation

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32#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which term describes the methodbj9visd53 pr.2pp 1oe of enculturation in which learners receive reinforcement or consequences from adults within thei pv31 ppoji5b9eds 2.rr culture?

A. Direct tuition

B. Vertical transmission

C. Acculturation

D. Social Cognitive Theory

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33#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which is not an acculturative strak9op - riy:vhxdshuy2 n1; 7t4tegy outlined in Berry's acculturation model?

A. Integration

B. Marginalization

C. Acclimation

D. Separation

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34#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which choice does not outline,k4rwd+,hn+jbz w9q d t9s7ko a protective factor?

A. Sharing similar values as family members

B. Proficiency in languages associated with both the new and original cultures

C. Job satisfaction and economic opportunities.

D. Preference for speaking English only

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35#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following d9 d et:8bn+ jjmiqc8v1oes not describe cultural norms?

A. Cultural norms are passed down from one generation to another.

B. An individual may learn cultural norms from media, such as through watching television.

C. If someone does not follow cultural norms consistently, they are not considered a part of that culture.

D. Cultural norms describe values and rules within a given cultural group.

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36#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

According to Berry's Accult. ex- mhv3etqr./ sd ,z0ds2zkuration model, which choice explains the acculturation strategy o e,vmzs-e2txz.sd h30.rk/ qd f assimilation?

A. Positive relationship with new culture; low importance on maintaining original culture

B. No relationship with new culture; high importance on maintaining original culture

C. No relationship with new culture; low importance on maintaining original culture

D. Positive relationship with new culture; high importance on maintaining original culture

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37#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which does not describe enculturation?doftaj5ypm6f3rf5:mr 0hyer) *w to 0+x4:ii

A. It is always a conscious process

B. It is only related to one’s primary culture

C. It involves the passage of norms, values, and knowledge

D. It can be influenced by people other than caregivers or parents

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38#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following correctly defines the gatekeepers *p8g:oqm.gc theory?

A. It is the cross-cultural study and analysis of cultural norms.

B. The process of passing attitudes, and cultural norms from one generation to another.

C. It is the unique set of attitudes, beliefs and behaviour specific to some culture.

D. It is a psychology and communication theory related to who controls access to information and ideas in a social group.

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39#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following correctly describqa73la1y4ht(i z-tq zes the negative acculturation effect?

A. When individuals have a negative attitude towards the new culture.

B. When individuals have little interest in maintaining their original culture.

C. Refers to the concept that recent migrants are healthier than their native-born counterparts.

D. Refers to the diminishing difference between migrants and their native-born counterparts over time.

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40#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/3) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 4 题组 (共 3 题 3 分)

Berry's acculturation model suggests that marginalization may4a w.rqkkj*9nr 1 el5l be the result of which combination of rejkqre1ak l 59w.l* 4nrlationships to local and global cultures?

A. Positive towards both local and global cultures

B. Negative towards both local and global cultures

C. Positive toward local, negative toward global culture

D. Negative toward local, positive toward global culture

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41#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/3) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which does not describb5/7gtwf dp4. urf*i pe globalization?

A. Values promoted by globalization include individualism, tolerance, and freedom of choice

B. The internet, international travel, and open trade policies contribute to globalization

C. Globalization is equally shaped by all cultures around the world

D. Globalization can have both positive and negative impacts on individuals

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42#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/3) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best explains one limitation of research on globalisation and human behavi(spi3 1b4itgjour3 jit(sg1bpi4?

A. The construct of globalisation is difficult to operationalise, making it hard to measure precisely.

B. Many studies have high internal validity, but this is reached by excessive controls that reduce external validity.

C. Cross-sectional research on globalisation is common, so studies often lose participants over time.

D. Globalisation research is never generalisable when data is collected within a cultural group.

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