Solar radiation is incidenwap;k 92s*apw6 ppkbhk p33f; t on a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% of incident intensaw;k f6b*9pkppa h; wpk p3s32ity. What is the albedo of the planet?

  The orders of energy transformations in three power stations are giveor3: chqb 4+owsadn8.n;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constitu,57boliv vxf677h ocztes a renewable and non-renewable source of,v lo7 6hio 577zbxvfc energy?

  Which of the following pairs c-z: mamtqtfbk8 gp3 9dsi11b )onstitutes a renewable and non-renewable source of end f t19t-sm zb3bak8qi)gp1:mergy?

  Which of the followin8xbxeuedr+ 20 m-gs c.g is a non-renewable energy resource?

  Which of the following djl u s;2ou6.uenergy resources is non-renewable?

  The government of a medium sized city plans to replace coal power plants with w.v9tncgz:0 gv:xk,v photovoltaic cells to power the city. 0,:wvkng tz9 :xv.gcv
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune'vcz4n9ed - o2+8dpcgqs orbit around the Sun is approximately 30 times the orbital radiusc4cdp evgq8+-do n29z of earth. Estimate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reasons why the al,p-:mqnu7vj5dy h q ,s)o/bi verage intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on earth is only a fraction of the so) q iyldm,7- hjs:5/pqv,bonular constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversionb4 hmr+am7d+xjm+ mxxk 5x;7ts occur in power stations. Examples of electricity generation that both involve energy transfer from thermal to elemtradhj+ kx7m;+5xm4 xx+m7 bctrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during a particular day is 0.8. ppj,,.(p jcx zWhat is the value of the absorb,jpppjx(.cz , ed intensity if the solar intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the eatu. z 3xn60qqarth. Some of this energy is scattered and the rest ra0.q n3x6qtz ueaches the earth's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensity on the Earth's sure27 ed/vi 9k8 guqcy4)wupmd2face is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns fuel with a specific enf/y ghukz9hiu8x;f( ,ergy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo a3x5sx8k oosfs*; 6rcvolwa6m a8b. +of a body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.