According to natural classification, organitpictddau 2dyn 0t, l0sv.+ tx /4d2g)sms in the same group had what in com 2pti0u/,v04gdd t ddln.as2y c)tt+xmon?

  The diagram below repreyb wk:sj4m8h 7sents the three domains of life.

  The organisms in the table below all sh fgp8+,ev2b(s j)ii ehare a common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is the correct definm*m va9 ll0np fv73ly3ition of evolution?

  Which of the following represents the correct order for taxonomic levels used (myx/xf ( i;v-esvqa4 in biological classific4xfaie(myxs(;/ vqv-ation?

  What evidence can be, and h(d1 bih5:g zixen2hc)as: xw 6as been used, to determine the members of the same clade? xi1:w2h6a beznhg5i)d x:(sc
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the correct definition of a clz.gha:1r4ybqop u-zu+ ,h g0 gade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enywahbx6:dd - (l0ng:yclosed organelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a node in the cladogram?z./obtep)xc4a 7i,q p

  According to the cladogram, which two primates are the most closely rg,s hzsyt)2d joxs7 j c-(:yk/elated?

  Early cladograms were construct7 q- .ogaodpw; ()fve, lohn4uc(8ax yed by comparing structures of organisms. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene. vx o a p-efdg47o,qc;a(.8w)nlo( huy


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced from the cll 79nfb:qu1 gaadogram?

  The cladogram below show ou/s..)jb wtas three possible evolutionary origins of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-layitao/)swb .. ujng mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the followinp n7kr* 6kjw/hemj7)h g would not be a reason for reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evidence for orgatp.nnkhi5e9 -fcb /,jnisms being in the same clade?

  What is the relationship52z92atk a d/uzvc,2 yhdz8en zeyq(+ between the number of differences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence from a common a8zyzv qta2cn2+ z, a52e9(d u/zdykh encestor?

  The table shows the number of differences in amino uq ho1x7zky 4 y.wxll-y. 9i.nacid sequences for the Insulin-A protein, between pigs and othez ..yily 7.o qunhxwx91y4-lk r organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistue9 gj;ay t8.zfs sp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered8ftgy 9 a.z;je species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondril k(rlhab1f;,cc u4z*al DNA can be used to construct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same shhydiy3b gd v u.hfpc**eg( .974ii e, y0+mdiection of DNA but from two different organisms is shown in the tablih dd,yyeiu 3 +b7vdgcg fi(9 e.hpmh*y4i*.0e below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two clad s1s-+q vy-i)gk.ja.5vpzj xcograms for primates. One cladogram was made using data from DNA sequenc xz+-15qjkp ia)jsvc .sy-gv .es and the other using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladistic.c 7f*; swsoyns. Cladogram 1, based on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogrc.7yn s*fo;s wam 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group organismhjrmg5 ) d7(9 pskmgq:s with common ancestry together, based on similarities and shared characteristics. All organisms can be classi s7(p5mhgjk : )qdmr9gfied into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.