The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. Whtre7/p:dqwgn4/ kum * at could be the polyploid number of chrom/q4 gwmu7e*p:r/nk dt osomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of thexx-cwh1 28nydvmo+ c1 fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are the-w 2+18xh1yvnxmd cc ose structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the o;yue;,rpa e y)bl .4vstrongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two p e);u; orevyba4yl.,populations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flashih+pvaq +tqdtap8xlyl4a:2 p;3 yhu.*87vlu t ng its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patteqlvlvux q *a tl+p;yh3p +t8hyta8pua: d4. 27rns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in sbxbi ,czcc*5fv.7bq 4peciation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the si*u4u5idsvyca0 id ) r(milarities and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric u did0*5)ia4cuys( rvspeciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to h1y, e 4o6wuc(/o c+dp3 hq.w1toogflcybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differencej,fh0 tw6, ;f(brtvqd between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors th2ji ptlt+tk/- yskhyw0q3)s/o2j.bs at can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the cor3 tb2q0 )ks. sy+/iywj ot2t-/sjh lpkrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B la p,bp4;h y.uy3jf7eg w-br (are two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur q g6z:pu2 / g 2l cxwa;;evawqois);e*during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was l-dud 0-kf ) lfc-5cvkthe first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgdf5 ku-ldv0f)c- -ckl idum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a populations pr rpuk+o1wz)85l3 w of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and conowrz u8 +53 sk1r)plwpsequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for ev9* *s kw-hvz 6uosusfrv8 8t*oolution through selective breeding? u6vost89 *8s* u*o hfv- rkzws
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be(txef is2q(0 :kq qm xqxy.,8w 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two sp e, qx.8y(i2k qm(ftxswq0:x qecies was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which ht6 8h sf19zxer)t jmn8as 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mul z tex h1r98nmjt8sf)6e offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution og( i,-zvmsghf j3g 6+d 8ofa0xn the mating calls od+ xf8 f3masgihv-z6o,g j0(gf the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiationh (:uh wdlrq6nbtm2g/ : enzrj6)y.,r?

  Which statement best illustratv7q7n f3-s2ukc kq7 dces the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new specil /kosdoo ;k7 /r8fvawcgg)+7es. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copieoc g)k/k7o vg swlda78+rof/; s of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and s(mhif i8 z+6w61ul4kmx b6dyuelective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy resultxzs/ l /2zg8 vh)tch-cs in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a9 h c,j,ew;xyx given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows thene-cvu8(ak ;+ljss. 1jb8 ;gr9kmjxo feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best exvu 9j; 1.rkl -bx smj8en k+agc;o8(sjplanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving inuw ktbyt6l t+,f3-l6 bto multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be repro3 u+b,6-tt6klltyfb wductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.