The diagram shows the p*na2 1n +a snhcb/.wzhaploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromwzpasc*/ h.2b +nnan1 osomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and mu,nb)qdt(rd :l ss;pr 5scles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are5b r;d,s(:n qls p)rdt these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supf8 ;vcdj6h h ww:e(jqugl;*6d porting the hypothesis that two populations are twg wd66(dhf8;w;lvcqj *hue : jo different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential femh vz7pllvw5(p4hm pb +3 z4q2gale mates by flashing its lights inh q pgp2vlvb+lhp7m 53wz4z4( specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among ggm 7)-xma9q nq. qax9organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanisms id*a5 v mr3/);7tclmq m7k nehrn sympatric and allopatrhd)c / 7e7v;qktlm35* mm rnraic speciation?

  Which of the following arz7e.n7vpoyrg2 g i53te often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference betwwkh(mm j z/7 gs/2goyizw18d t.6wg 9leen homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows fact :grlm/7fa1db wj2/qqors that can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the correc/d / 1q2q7 lrbfmw:jagt definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structures.h *trw ,wj4sbooyg8j6 xt /b:z b4.qi)qu:r,k

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usuo t6owc ah)r7)kf8p; s:tr0ijally occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and wa8ykw7vl :fwf5:y)u st s the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the corre) w 587fwvstyuky :fl:ct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divi1phbawj3 : ps*ded a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two php1j 3b:a*ws populations?

  Which of the following provides e2d0 r tfwd3l,ixm7cd**f5s3uqo 0x odvidence for evolution through selective breeding?m 2 *r* ,dtfouqwdi5f 0d 0cd3x7x3ols
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the saiquyl73fvt/3 .7l yjxme, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reasonyvx7 j/33.qy7utl fli for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromy 7j n3yt gq0m80c.tezosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is prodeyq00 ct3z.8t7 nyj mguced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the ex :l z6njgo+ evkqn:zcm0)3t5x d7k.effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adultz+n 7qo mv.n6:k j3) z0k:tle5gxexcd male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiat zhprif)ed,.7ion?

  Which statement best illustrates the prb63c il 1,tlct4kpk.5 wq 9ktf9o3oytocess of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a nagazpg(,r4ywas 5,8 ; luy mo)ew species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome(sgaa, y5wmrozp) , 8;lua4 gy is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast 4qk, 2a.re7jkw..h/4i cjoh e kqhkqd 3efz-4natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyplohe9r4x3czyjv d/un( am.: rv8e7 swi4idy results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct descrj )g wub9l;kutp pzka* 9*g9b9iption of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (a f4 x 8me5)/ btlkn*,cpv*cab-mlgj (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warbljg eat4a pn/)lbm ,*xkv-(c m8cb5l *fers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in 3wz* 49adia3t lpud h5e)rvb0a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximvtdipl3wa0)zrad *bhu3 54e9ity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.