Which of the following doezyv8lo,s*em x)g 9:cbs not cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water and transports waterw)0 2vqbqbe .p-soluble substa)b2vqb0e pwq .nces to different parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature of phloeiwxbu)k0w j)) b2r t1nm?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is cokdxr ( 6kbv5m1eptwyf e40l/b/uw;;d rrect for sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the g7j7ccriq 0+mmur9 a+ backflow of blood in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowering plant q46hkrpa vj71 which is often used as a model for the study of svjhr a4pq6k 17eed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the str14lver2; rxzy :/ iw71kve gd*lhjn- cucture and function of different blood vessels?i 2 -l *w glez7jxrv1;1vkcn4hr :/edy

  The micrograph shows a transverse sectif:jb3u+hj u6iktm -nx /6o ,eeon through a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involv ,9xy-5ge ihbbed in controlling the frequency at which it bxh9i g b,eb-y5eats?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which11q igiv dp;,j gjrf.4*tzd5 pvm f:j 61tyup5 is used to measure water uptake in plants. mjpfzf6.*114;dr1vqi5,tpg5:jpy vu i g tjd

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following lt0g+;hm h)n qhnt4l2statement(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and out+1 v;hitenpez uw-;4bg g+(m c of the heart?egtcm4pig- ;+beh( ;+n 1wzuv

  The diagram below shows the structure of t4yqb gxcia-c6;b au 71 kp8a9jhe human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped into theds7c 9 j pe/m e mpyuzkc2:dkt5b(:u1+ pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood fsq2gkhvh*a)ssh/1 9 rrom the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allow xyup69/ugycbr / lem vessels to transport water inside plants. c9brup//ug 6y
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucro 3 5mhnsd 6k0,jr ofnmx0k*,ihzcn) 8use pass through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion on blood pressure,8qfm 5uddvdul.0*4un students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drd*v84nl 0.q ud u5ufdmilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represencn, q 2*lc)srnts the circulatory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of a h x (mbe -ot/lgd m/bl2-hr-e9xeart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph beyk8sorn9 t ;+elow is an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the no 8;e+skry9tmonocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human h9m,xmy r*q hc )rqyy:5eart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron microgra x 1vrg 6;8b:tye9ycu3v;n vxvph of the stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporad,nf kh+w*/-etl jbg- tion of water in leaves have on other parts of a pla +tnd-/*bhf e- ,lgjwknt?

  What is the position of the atrioventfx) hd l7p. h3;cz/jlfricular and semilunar valves at the point in the cardiac cycle at which the pressurz7flh/p)clf xj3 h d.;e in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into the sieve t;.agqwgt6h8g s 6 m0dz 0ltewm uo7u4we+ht*/ ube unaided, before /g0* togw60ag+d 7u;4 .t ee humhzq6t8wslmwbeing transported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a devek98oy*9uvu/z2 begi q loping shoot taken at 400× magnificat* kgizuvob/eu29 y9q8 ion.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure inside xylem vessels to be lowd7 6duemv5mxpzmgmd w q0922 4er than atmospheric press2pw meumm57 609 mxzgddv dq42ure?

  How are most mineral ions ikdy6pzr2 ia1k)nz(ytn ( uz5f;(2/9o ehp iovn the soil absorbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk fabq+tx ,taqagbobxwk ,:3 u4 +nejh5*.ctors and consequences associated with plaque buildup in thx5je+h*o4ataqt:.+ bg,b3 qnkxb ,uw e coronary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is o59h y5n,+.bx gxeva vni+tb7 likely to have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment which used raraf, 7ek8clk*yy.en5sf l2+ bdioactively labelled carbon dioxiaen2b.*lr+klk f sc8 f, yye57de (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and the rokqk 2 f:04p3rearsg t.ot of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration andntlfpc *q dwgj j,x8o39u+m.7 r5uil0 hydrostatic pressure within the sievx .3fm7oj l *9lqwgu+5dp0 8,j tniruce tubes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in the left atrium,jw7s 9 vd*xk5*clyv -bhs:4kk left ventricle andxkv5 - :bys *9d4hsl7jkwv*kc the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies features of sieve tube elg0l m7ivwkj 14 ma50pnk m)rk,ckwu35ements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet insertpstp.3,x 2we zed into a plant. Aphids have been used toe 2,pzws3xtp. study transport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.