The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms li (d,qxr3*plzm.c uy hwwr6 :9jve and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following*mur:9d z3w wxp,(.q clryj6 h terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered azz.,(,ac(qdg o;jelzn abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habita*zku9 ,j sx:olt?

  Rain forests are known to have tal-jscg ;4wb0 nnvy0vjvdj q6-kj 3(*mrl trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent org-4(j *s00; j3dv g-v6 v ryjcnjwmnbqkanisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common lim81cyych q wn)0iting factor for plant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a facibf)xdlz ** ) zf0k*s(fv) nggtor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following nx np * ;+d)wdtn53uvois the most appropriate to measure using a line transect? t;o5np d)nn *x+wvdu3

  During a field day, students were asked to invest, t uv r zkf6(.p/i-odhbc)ix(igate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed az- . /( dr6xft) v,ihcp(obiukn experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors creat;bhn5k3(2ig rb r0 piiz:l6w4n0b fzb e biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characteriso2-y5bk7 jxiped by high temperatures, high rainfall, andkibpy ox72-5j high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often found growin1zv q8x()q twf0 hbj0ag on sand dunext()j01z08qfa vq wbhs.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropicalh gia.rp ;0xo-nhi, ep)z:h4k-qlr 1u rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall. xhn-;k4ri ze ghul1: iqhpoa- rp) 0.,


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, po2o*edzpky o5 7n r4al)pulation, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.