The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bea zp ixoq *cfo+/e*+ b:b9rw1rgr and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes c 9w f:go+*p+z /qe*io 1rbbrxthem?

  Which of the following would not eus :ocdsx,;a vg a9z.0cb2 .pi yf*i+be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habisjqw 2 wrh0o3w9m3 qs(tat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large - in8 nxa2nmq p,d2mw)biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent oi8qwnmda , n2p2x nm-)rganisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth in arid (dry) environment flcp:1.t*-7 r 9tuf8pakmcacs?

  Which of the following is not a factor 6i*x utlj(-9rwbf qj1required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is tn6pvnt6hnh, 1he most appropriate to measure using a line transect?hn,h6vp nnt16

  During a field day, stu82 pbg5 :r;3yqxbqwf/wz 9hsptut:)gdents were asked to investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line9rux8)fbh3w;gq p w 2tg /::tzy5s pbq. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following faw j es8 r7)8kqymwnb -juu/(v3ctors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by high tempev s()id39 qbvbratures, high rainfall, and high vd9 bqs3vib()humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is 0(ht2sk77 hk/cc t(fkh - xtroa plant species often found growing on sand dunes/2f(t7chh -0k o(tkrch xk7 ts.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is foun1xe 2z (ne66 +yh662 u3lnxkskmnoce ld in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend abo x c2eo6lks(1hn k6ylunnemx6 z 6+23eve the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population b9vfe1rgm12v , and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.