The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale,aqx;/ejjr.h b /x08zd polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Abeq xja hz0r.d//j8x; rctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be consb ci,ei 5pot)4idered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a haqk5.w dql6+ *9swdpl f-hhts;bitat?

  Rain forests are known to have7;9a ;9 x6bjtvq*tacgh9ii bg tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditi9ga 9 ;*;igb ijc7t vtbqx9ha6ons have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant k/s rb ,3./6b pkrnycaw;8emaxfk 1r0growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following iy0b u-ql3y xo 1fy r::vtrc:,us not a factor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure using a line t*om ra2j;0nmx7tfb 5fu) esd2ransect?)jf5b2fe*m; sa 07 dmuo2nrxt

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate the effect of soil sm)fo-.l wc,y o0*q,(ppvch- uy7xymralinity o)pco(rw 0f yy,--mv,oc.yl u h7mxp*qn the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors creatsxe2cpopr/z 8. kq(d: e biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best charaaq0 .f:zh1a5scco i2f cterised by high temperatures, high rainfall, and high hu 1q5hs ci.f :2o0zafacmidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often founqxnd4tig8-g); hyw ,zd growing on sand dunes.zd,t ingy)-x4q;gh8w

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured kbvu- p,v-.g bbelow, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order -pbuvb v.g,k-for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, popula :iwpk6 nbv2kkhb1e(5tion, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.