The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polarc;g q,)(bli dw bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following; lgq)wcdbi ,( terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be cons8 qnui7wwm 8f-idered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habe :. iiocy a)d ;zjp.pdf.5wj/itat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass witod y8 j l;p4hvq1jiz+6h high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the h6jp zo8vd;lj q41y i+presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth in arid (dry) enviroi7v;j/ .jzgjc3ogio4o drsu vp4:5fh/;w we;nments?

  Which of the following is not a factor requirer -xt9g-irjow ko9 hg p-,oe:7d for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriatevl4smpm(32e g to measure using a line transect?4 mse(2g mp3lv

  During a field day, students were asked to investigatrmc5vruny n/tt, .ckh h9h8p 3jh(+z6e the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity le j/9zh hv3cpkt 6 nh.ym(nrt,5rh8+cuvels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors create biomk,/uhk+. e qukes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by highu4v *ls.jlr3n temperatures, high rainfall, and high hu. l43*sn vrujlmidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant spec4,l2+j (w tkzevt7,gni -5chd 6jn dgoies often found growing on sand dune n25v- ,7 dien+dgkz6(jtcg4lt , ojhws.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainforests;iz0ajm)8r wp of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to gro ap); 0jmrizw8w tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, populat1qctm0r7+*8z ug04g3m -d qmj m9jsqvv u+ji jion, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.