The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live k 6ty0 v+p2ju)iybad chm, o3-and interact with each other in the cold waters om-3hcyd 0ao 6pv)2, tjkybiu+f the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered an abiotic f7+f0sugr *jtf3v rz j*r.kxm1 actor?

  What best defines a habibnyvm( ,fo**fl9 6 pmz3 *qfietat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a lu.7,ka)tiiery:/gd k arge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also ia,iertu ik:yg)k. 7d/nteract with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plah-6eq7fgu1 insc4 r+wke g 3.tnt growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor required for corad+o1ehpa;zfd 0m t:j -rmju pa2 2*)tal reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most approp pwko q,o:abs+/xnxp t),8n cg0 1j;8j nnqi9sriate to measure using a line transect?ipsq)9nsx ,no81nno xbj,;j kpt 0+:acw g8q/

  During a field day, students were asked to investigat*aqtvnkqc 0 +f+vyn(* e the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide v**v+cfqn( q0nya kt+ line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following fw24 c/c xodg,eactors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by high temperat.5oux /-3fi2i,qy ceeyuv.o jures, high rainfall, and high humidity? yq5x-uiicejeuf ,vy. o2.o3/

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often nzc33 wah 6z6dfound growing on sand dun336c andz hzw6es.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in th3f8fod qw8p:w5 vyaz ,e tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress rooy5f:838fodaw qp ,zvw ts that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, populatiol;uzxf lpgr8:n/ np06c l6 lc.xgbv17 n, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.