Which row in the table correctl-e3fz2svr .ecp c uauldxd5 m6: m8.)oy describes the shape and function of a named protf.svpreeuzxa -m.3 cm:8 2ul)o d 65dcein?

  Which nucleic acid carrah0xun6 4w1y-e ) otliies genetic material coding for proteins?

  Which of these does not cause mutati9sdt /l6 /q*(pjliberu r4q5/ u zsa/aons?

  The diagram below shows the genetic code taf /1oo ha.sc(ljmj) 3wble.

  Which of the following st)3m/cecjc 0i:-yl c bj;otp:c atements is false regarding translation?

  Which of the following contain3-oux wo x2t:n os8db0 peptide bonds?
I. Amino Acids
II. Dipeptides
III. Proteins

  The table gives the genetic cod4uhiw1mhf (k+ e.

Which polypeptide is produced by the mRNA sequence AUG GCU AAA UAG CGA?

  Which of the following contain peptide(:xx 5peiv+hra7 im-y bonds?
I. Polypeptides
II. Amino acids
III. Proteins

  The diagram below shows the genetic code. gbk5g/4 pys0t


Which of the following features can be deduced from the genetic code?
I. Codons consisting of different bases can code for the same amino acid
II. Codon AUG does not code for an amino acid
III. mRNA strands coding for a protein will always contain codons that do not code for amino acids

  Ribosomes have three afpw8bb:q/4t kd* 17k(g i uhnbinding sites. Which statements are correct for the functionia1u :*w(k t f4/b8gh dkpb7nqs of these sites?

  What does the phrase ‘the genetic code is ;ltql9pstp5c6jd3- kt 8n)tt universal’ mean?

  Which of the following reactions results in the formation of aka/ qkolptiz cl (ocl48qc1/k.n /d82 dipeptide from two am(.2l/lp1qd kt/ z8kcc kaoqo lin84 /cino acids?

The diagram below represents mo5 v*f2kyhh,the process of translation.

1.1.Identify structures Q and R on the diagram.

1.2.Outline the roles of the binding sites within structure R.

1.3.State the name of the entire structure which has formed in the diagram.

2.Describe how the named structure a(iii) works.

3.Describe the secondary structure of a protein.

  The diagram shows how RNA is transcribed from4325 x xqthv62yc kjr vlz++jh DNA. What structures are indicated by the labels X, Y,r6yjz2 l+xtv kj+vxq425hch3 and Z?

The diagram below shows the genetic i9(xnbem67x ib 4 p*7f.,br( g euqhgecode.


1.Identify the amino acid sequence of a peptide produced from the following mRNA codon sequence using the genetic code.
5’– AUG GGG AAG GGU CGA AGC UAA – 3’

2.Codons need to consist of a sequence of three bases to code for one amino acid. State one reason why codons need to consist of three bases.

3.Calculate the number of nucleotides present in the mRNA strand if the polypeptide synthesised has a length of 120 amino acids.

  Which statements about translation aren jgjdtowj.- 12a x)k :xo)6ov not true?
I. Mature mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome before the small subunit.
II. The A site is the first site that the initiation tRNA binds to.
III. The polypeptide chain is released when release factors bind to the E site.

  Which of the following show jb/-qb/) fn 2y6lhvext .:qmys the correct sequence of mRNA synthesis?
I. RNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to the DNA strand.
II. Transcription continues until it reaches a terminator sequence.
III. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

  The diagram below shows a protein compose eom2 75 90/t4u2ykzygwrx+gbvu js,m d of three polypeptide chains, each chain contains 20 amino acidsmv4,oy g mtb0 ju+zwryu7k29/ 52se gx.

How many water molecules would be released in the synthesis of one of these chains?

  A non-coding (antisense) strand of DNA consistqy0l a. 1/2wbtufs.y) qyu8 ips of the following nucleotides:
GGCACATTAG
Which of the following represents the RNA transcript produced by this DNA strand?

  The diagram shows a molecule that plays an importan,; b(pmdyh/ h6swbk2 st role in protein synthesis. (,bsd/2hpbs;wk6 hy m

Which is found at X?
I. Uncoiled DNA
II. Amino acid binding site
III. RNA nucleotides

  A single base substitution mutation occurs a k5cb: hy;b 8cxe7ffu;nd a stop codon is not produced. Which of the following is not a possible consequence of thiceubyk;f h5c; 78bxf :s type of mutation?

  If the DNA in a somatic cell is changed in an aqvh 02ugi6:86f9d.p vqp yyo/w4ieqw nimal as a result of a mutation, which of the following could most .qh 2ifw09 yodv4uq 6vq:egpy6i8 w p/significantly affect other tissues in the animal?

  Which statement about tf: z,0ixcyep;rvu*g 0 ranslation only applies to prokaryotes?

  The diagram shows a tRNA molegwb (0m2cr8jxwfoc. * cule. Which of the following would bind to the position lab gb.0 x8f2cwcmoj(*rwelled R?

The diagram below shows the replication o :mr f5yl83q-p:(yqz8x6 dzbnyp 4kwgf DNA.


1.Describe the characteristics of the enzyme Taq polymerase.

2.Suggest what the consequences for a cell would be if transcription were to stop.

3.Outline the roles of all enzymes involved in the replication of DNA and in the synthesis of mRNA through transcription.

1.Distinguish between eukaryotic and prokahl qug (gt,9d17g.xvlryotic transcription.

2.Describe the roles of non-coding DNA sequences.

3.Describe the role of DNA-binding proteins in gene expression.

Different species of living organisms have different numbers of gene:rr clkg* f(u;s characteristic to them. The table shows the estim( :r;gukf lrc*ated number of genes for five species.
Species Estimated number of genes
Escherichia coli (bacteria species) 4,000
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 13,000
Canis lupis familiaris (dog) 20,000
Homo sapiens (humans) 30,000
Oryza sativa (rice) 40,000

1.Using the information in the table deduce the estimated number of loci in a human genome.

2.Explain how a mutation can affect a characteristic.

1.Describe the charactiepg5l*l 3 ..d3:fh n j4ypk,gz8mtcteristics of the genetic code.

2.Outline, with examples, the importance of complementary base pairing.

3.Explain the roles of RNA and ribosomes in the formation of a polypeptide chain once mRNA has exited the nucleus.

The image below shows a short fragment of the v/gd v lr7v8*yDNA molecule.


1.Suggest one possible outcome if DNA consisted of two parallel strands instead of two antiparallel strands.

2.The structure of DNA is described as being a 'double helix'. Explain how this structure is related to the DNA function.

3.Compare and contrast the nitrogenous bases thymine and uracil.

  Why can a eukaryote produce(k rxjzs 7q-j8 a larger number of mRNA transcripts than the number of genes in its ger qj(sj7xk -z8nome?