Which of these substances should not pass through the glomerulus and into Bowmannj 2r m)h0,7q eydxm,-i lvhu7( dg6kf’27mrd,x,(-ku )7vhfl jngiyeqm h0 6 ds capsule?

  Which substance is not reabsorbed by the dymoe4 ( a 041shk5pzvtistal convoluted tubule?

  Which fluid acts as a coolto1 .,egyh6rtant in the human body?

  Which label corresponds to the medulla of the kidb6je/j,xg mb+ney?

  Identify the line in the table bm(v7-vzz+s wu/l iis 3elow which gives the correct responses of the skin to a drop in environmental -u v7 wsv3mls/(iiz+ztemperature.

  Which row is correct fof9gt,9mx) wmor insulin?

  Which row is correct for glucagon?8amj9 n 0s ot6kv l0r(bvckm(,

  Which row shows a correct difference in td1 xpof; .(ibe*xwlq o1wmi1v)k7my/he blood concentration of various substances between the r xdm.;/(plm71kyib1iwv f1xqe* o)w oenal artery and renal vein?

  Which statements are true of feedback mechanisms in an organq(niydzsp6gv-u 6qx .5o.w)j ism?
I. Negative feedback acts to reverse a change
II. An example of positive feedback is control of blood pH
III. Only the nervous system is involved in the control of feedback mechanisms

  Which of the following best expl8w pk4f k) wpd,xtn/g1b.zh2ttyx1i-ains why insulin injections are necessary for individuals withitwpkx tf- nyp./zghk,814 xb 2twd1 ) type 1 diabetes?

  This diagram shows the basic structur.c53 tv5754fkqee ndpb saxn4e of a nephron.


How does the nephron differ between animals that have evolved in areas with low availability of water, for example, in the desert?

  Which of the following is only able to triggp73*;/bzxwo a : q1wgxy-lwq ner a response in a cell by binding to a receptor in the pl q;/wb3q ww1 n- pg*yza7:xxolasma membrane?

  Identify the row in the table below which shows the correct infurh6 + lcnd)hoqj7 --fn1pcjv egk,8)ormation about insulin. u p6d qen1- h+c-8nvl7ofkh)rg)j,cj

Outline how insulin and 5wh s,ezl.z2 igue:k- glucagon control blood sugar.

  At which position in the +k-6awcm :mzm nephron would you expect the solute concentration of the filtrate to be bet:ma6+z-w mkmc ween 200% and 300% that of the normal blood solute concentration and for water, but not sodium, to be drawn out of the filtrate into the medulla?

  Which row correctly describes the effect of a decreasev;,ic 7 sdpg8x in the water concentration of the bloo8,g pxvid;s c7d?

  Which statement(s) is/are true for antidiuretic hor-/ztr.fp q st(kua;-emone (ADH)?

I. ADH affects the permeability of the loop of Henle
II. ADH production increases with low water intake
III. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct

  The graph shows the changes in bloe(+a 3 pymqbx9.q4kty0jfb( jod pH levels of an individual before exercise,p (qyj+b3f.bmy0 (j4 eq akxt9 during exercise and after exercise.


Which statement may explain the changes in blood pH shown in the graph?

1.Outline how the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule are adapted for their funn*wofm+s vag-yth ) .+ctionvo+ )gwf.s* +n- mhyta.

2.Explain the differences between the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein.

3.Describe the processes in the nephron that leads to the production of urine.

  Creatine is a naturally occurring chemical produce wo /b. tt96adxv5njq5d in the body which supplies energy to muscles. It/tq6a.j bx95 w5tdvon ’s also a supplement used widely in the fitness industry to reduce recovery times and improve athletic performance.
Creatine is broken down into creatinine which is toxic in high concentrations. A study was conducted on the effect of creatine supplementation on the creatinine concentration in the urine. Urine samples were collected from humans, and the creatinine concentration was measured.

The results from the study were used to make up corresponding creatine solutions to mimic the urine samples. These creatine solutions were then given to students to analyse. The specific gravity of each sample was measured using a hydrometer, a small graduated float used to compare the density of a liquid between two samples.

1.1.Describe the source of urea in urine.

1.2.Other than protein, state the name of one substance that can be detected in urinary tests.

1.3.High creatinine concentrations in the blood can lead to kidney failure. List two possible treatments for kidney failure.

2.Suggest a variable that would need to be controlled during the student’s experiment.

3.Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using model urine samples instead of human urine.

4.Calculate, as a percentage, how much greater the urine sample specific gravity with 10g of supplemental creatine intake was compared to that with 5g of supplemental intake.The percentage is   %

5.Describe TWO reasons why mice were used in this experiment and not humans.

The diagram below is a simple outline of the nephr:i*kz x qawd5p -r oupa1w7vdc8 xa-/0on.


1.Name the structures labelled I, II, III and IV in the diagram.

2.State the functions of structures I and II from part (a).

3.Insects do not have kidneys or nephrons; they have the Malpighian tubule system instead. Compare and contrast the Malpighian tubule system with the nephron.

1.Outline William Harvey’s research on sexual reproductioy1mbyha o,ny- 7y4aeor6y+ 5kn.

2.Compare and contrast type I and type II diabetes.

3.Explain the roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

  Tuberculosis (TB) is an airb6p:mmo)9cj kxorne infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it infects about 10 million people each year. The research was carried out in Peru to see if diabetes increases TB infection. 112 TB patients were investigated, 17 of which had diabetes and 33 had pre-diabetes can affect the incidence of TB. During the research, smear microscopy tests were carried out to investigate the bacterial load of each patient, and the results of these are shown below. The smear results are rated negative (no bacteria detected), scanty/1+ (very low moc6pk9)x jm:bacterial load), 2+ (medium bacterial load), and 3+ (high bacterial load).



1.Calculate the difference in percentage between the incidence of 3+ smears in patients who only have TB and in patients that are diabetic.
The percentage is   %
2.Describe the pattern shown in this graph.

3.Deduce from these results whether there is a link between diabetes and TB infections, and discuss the evidence supporting your conclusion.

Smoking can also cause an increase in TB. Research into the combined effect of smoking and diabetes was carried out in Taiwan. Groups of patients were split into diabetic smokers, diabetic non-smokers, non-diabetic smokers and non-diabetic non-smokers in 3 regions of Taiwan. The results of 972 TB patients are shown below, 581 with diabetes and 628 without diabetes. 649 of them were non-smokers and 323 were smokers. Clinical records were used to record the gender, age and result of the pre-treatment smear (negative, scanty, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+). The results are shown below.


4.Compare and contrast the results from the first research with the data for the non-smoking groups in the graph provided above.

5.Suggest the importance of knowing the mean precent (%) of the population that has diabetes and mean % of the population that are smokers in Taiwan, when investigating if diabetes and smoking increase the risk of TB infection.

6.Evaluate the evidence provided by the data in the two graphs and table to support the hypothesis that diabetics who smoke have an increased risk of TB infection.

7.From 2000 to 2008, there has been an overall increase in the cases of type II diabetes in Taiwan.

7.1.Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes.

7.2.State one factor that may cause this increase in the incidence of type II diabetes.

  The graph shows the mean blood glucose levels in a study of 300 peoplhc1wbfmqmx+ 09s+ bvkyo :3)be, 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal. Of the 300 people studied, 100 people were non-diabetic, 100)sbck+o 19f +b:hxmb0wvq y3 m people had untreated Type 1 diabetes and 100 people had untreated Type 2 diabetes.

1.Compare and contrast the blood glucose levels of people without diabetes and those with diabetes.

2.Suggest one variable, other than those already mentioned in the question, that needs to be controlled to make this study valid.

3.Predict how the mean blood glucose concentration after 3 hours would change if the Type 1 diabetics were injected with insulin 15 minutes after eating.

4.1.Explain the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels.

4.2.State the name of the cells that make and secrete insulin.

5.Calculate the percentage change between the blood glucose concentration of people with Type 2 diabetes 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal.the percentage is   %.

6.Explain why Type 2 diabetics have a lower blood glucose concentration 3 hours after eating a meal, compared to Type 1 diabetics.